The GLK1 ‘regulon’ encodes disease defense related proteins and confers resistance to Fusarium graminearum in Arabidopsis

Savitch, Leonid V.; Subramaniam, Rajagopal; Allard, Ghislaine; Singh, Jas

doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.084

Cited by 75 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Our results conflict with a recent assessment of the GLK1 regulon, which consisted of a microarray analysis of a GLK1-overexpressing line in a wild-type background (Savitch et al, 2007). The authors reported that GLK1 overexpression induced the expression of a variety of disease-and defense-related genes but had no effect on photosynthesis-related genes.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

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GLK Transcription Factors Coordinate Expression of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Arabidopsis

et al. 2009

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Chloroplasts of photosynthetic organisms harness light energy and convert it into chemical energy. In several land plants, GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors are required for chloroplast development, as glk1 glk2 double mutants are pale green and deficient in the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus. We show here that glk1 glk2 double mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana accumulate abnormal levels of chlorophyll precursors and that constitutive GLK gene expression leads to increased accumulation of transcripts for antenna proteins and chlorophyll biosynthetic enzymes. To establish the primary targets of GLK gene action, an inducible expression system was used in combination with transcriptome analysis. Following induction, transcript pools were substantially enriched in genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, light harvesting, and electron transport. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the direct association of GLK1 protein with target gene promoters, revealing a putative regulatory cis-element. We show that GLK proteins influence photosynthetic gene expression independently of the phyB signaling pathway and that the two GLK genes are differentially responsive to plastid retrograde signals. These results suggest that GLK genes help to coregulate and synchronize the expression of a suite of nuclear photosynthetic genes and thus act to optimize photosynthetic capacity in varying environmental and developmental conditions.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Third, constitutive gene expression confounds primary and secondary effects, a situation that was overcome in our study using an inducible expression approach. It is noteworthy, however, that Savitch et al (2007) reported significant upregulation of MRU1 and LTP, consistent with our findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

GLK Transcription Factors Coordinate Expression of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Arabidopsis

et al. 2009

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“…As such, they are proposed to synchronize photosynthetic gene expression in response to environmental and developmental cues. This suggestion is supported by the number of pathways in which GLK proteins have been shown to play a role (Savitch et al, 2007;Gutié rrez et al, 2008;Yu et al, 2011). Importantly, overexpression of GLK1 in the C 3 plant rice leads to the light-induced development of chloroplasts in most cell types (Nakamura et al, 2009).…”

Section: Cis-and Trans-regulators Of Transcriptionmentioning

confidence: 92%

C₄ Cycles: Past, Present, and Future Research on C₄ Photosynthesis

2011

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In the late 1960s, a vibrant new research field was ignited by the discovery that instead of fixing CO 2 into a C 3 compound, some plants initially fix CO 2 into a four-carbon (C 4 ) compound. The term C 4 photosynthesis was born. In the 20 years that followed, physiologists, biochemists, and molecular and developmental biologists grappled to understand how the C 4 photosynthetic pathway was partitioned between two morphologically distinct cell types in the leaf. By the early 1990s, much was known about C 4 biochemistry, the types of leaf anatomy that facilitated the pathway, and the patterns of gene expression that underpinned the biochemistry. However, virtually nothing was known about how the pathway was regulated. It should have been an exciting time, but many of the original researchers were approaching retirement, C 4 plants were proving recalcitrant to genetic manipulation, and whole-genome sequences were not even a dream. In combination, these factors led to reduced funding and the failure to attract young people into the field; the endgame seemed to be underway. But over the last 5 years, there has been a resurgence of interest and funding, not least because of ambitious multinational projects that aim to increase crop yields by introducing C 4 traits into C 3 plants. Combined with new technologies, this renewed interest has resulted in the development of more sophisticated approaches toward understanding how the C 4 pathway evolved, how it is regulated, and how it might be manipulated. The extent of this resurgence is manifest by the publication in 2011 of more than 650 pages of reviews on different aspects of C 4 . Here, I provide an overview of our current understanding, the questions that are being addressed, and the issues that lie ahead.

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“…In Arabidopsis and many other dicots, expression of related PR genes is associated with the induction of SA signaling (Chaturvedi and Shah 2007;Durrant and Dong 2004). Molecular-genetic studies in Arabidopsis have confirmed an important role for SA in basal resistance to F. graminearum (Makandar et al 2010;Savitch et al 2007). Severity of disease caused by F. graminearum was elevated in the SA biosynthesis sid2 mutant of Arabidopsis and in transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the NahG gene, which encodes an SA-degrading salicylate hydroxylase that hydrolyzes SA to yield catechol (Makandar et al 2010;Savitch et al 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, JA levels increase in F. graminearum-inoculated wheat spikes (Ding et al 2011), thus supporting the notion that JA signaling has a role in plant interaction with F. graminearum. In Arabidopsis, which is also colonized by F. graminearum (Chen et al 2006(Chen et al , 2009Cuzick et al 2008;Makandar et al 2006Makandar et al , 2010Savitch et al 2007;Skadsen and Hohn 2004;Urban et al 2002;Van Hemelrijck et al 2006), JA has a dichotomous role in plant interaction with F. graminearum (Makandar et al 2010). During the early stages of infection, JA signaling contributed to susceptibility to disease caused by F. graminearum.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Salicylic Acid Regulates Basal Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat

Makandar¹,

Nalam²,

Lee³

et al. 2012

MPMI

144

137

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Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease of cereal crops such as wheat and barley. Previously, expression in wheat of the Arabidopsis NPR1 gene (AtNPR1), which encodes a key regulator of salicylic acid (SA) signaling, was shown to reduce severity of FHB caused by Fusarium graminearum. It was hypothesized that SA signaling contributes to wheat defense against F. graminearum. Here, we show that increased accumulation of SA in fungusinfected spikes correlated with elevated expression of the SA-inducible pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) gene and FHB resistance. In addition, FHB severity and mycotoxin accumulation were curtailed in wheat plants treated with SA and in AtNPR1 wheat, which is hyper-responsive to SA. In support of a critical role for SA in basal resistance to FHB, disease severity was higher in wheat expressing the NahGencoded salicylate hydroxylase, which metabolizes SA. The FHB-promoting effect of NahG was overcome by application of benzo (1,2,3), thiadiazole-7 carbothioic acid S-methyl ester, a synthetic functional analog of SA, thus confirming an important role for SA signaling in basal resistance to FHB. We further demonstrate that jasmonate signaling has a dichotomous role in wheat interaction with F. graminearum, constraining activation of SA signaling during early stages of infection and promoting resistance during the later stages of infection.

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The GLK1 ‘regulon’ encodes disease defense related proteins and confers resistance to Fusarium graminearum in Arabidopsis

Cited by 75 publications

References 39 publications

GLK Transcription Factors Coordinate Expression of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Arabidopsis

GLK Transcription Factors Coordinate Expression of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Arabidopsis

C₄ Cycles: Past, Present, and Future Research on C₄ Photosynthesis

Salicylic Acid Regulates Basal Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat

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The GLK1 ‘regulon’ encodes disease defense related proteins and confers resistance to Fusarium graminearum in Arabidopsis

Cited by 75 publications

References 39 publications

GLK Transcription Factors Coordinate Expression of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Arabidopsis

GLK Transcription Factors Coordinate Expression of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Arabidopsis

C4 Cycles: Past, Present, and Future Research on C4 Photosynthesis

Salicylic Acid Regulates Basal Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat

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C₄ Cycles: Past, Present, and Future Research on C₄ Photosynthesis