“…Initial efforts in this connection were dominated by the use of force, especially during the German colonial era (Schler, 2005; Joseph, 1975). For instance, during the period 1891–1902, the German military commander, Karl Freiherr Graveneuth, used armed troops from Abomey (today, Republic of Benin) and Sierra Leone to quash local opposition to colonial government land grabbing schemes in Buea and Douala, respectively.…”