The geographic distribution of obesity in the US and the potential regional differences in misreporting of obesity

Le, Anh Duc; Judd, Suzanne E.; Allison, David B.; Oza-Frank, Reena; Affuso, Olivia; Safford, Monika M.; Howard, Virginia J.; Howard, George

doi:10.1002/oby.20451

Cited by 75 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Le et al study reported that obesity prevalence was higher in the South and North Central regions of the USA 4. Our study results echoed these findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Third, keeping the spatial analysis at individual level helped avoid the potential bias introduced by analysis at the level of geographical boundaries (eg, at county level, at state level), as such boundaries are typically arbitegry and modifiable, especially when it is uncertain about the actual geographical areas that exert contextual influences on the relationship between food environment and obesity. Fourth, BMI was calculated based on the height and weight measured with a standardised protocol which prevented the potential bias introduced by using self-reported data 4. Lastly, using a large and geographically diverse sample allowed us to yield precise estimates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Six factors were included1: percentage of county residents that was non-Hispanic white (2008),2 percentage of county residents that was non-Hispanic black (2008),3 county median household income (2008),4 county poverty rate (2008),5 census-tract population size (2000) and6 Rural–Urban Commuting Area Code (RUCA) (2000). RUCA codes were categorised and coded as 1=urban, 2=large rural city/town, 3=small rural town and 4=isolated small rural town, according to Categorization A by the University of Washington Rural Health Research Center 29…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of community food environment and obesity among US adults: a geographical information system analysis

Chen

Creger

Howard

et al. 2018

J Epidemiol Community Health

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BackgroundEmerging studies have investigated the contribution of food environment to obesity in the USA. However, the findings were inconsistent. Methodological explanations for the inconsistent findings included: (1) using individual store/restaurant exposure as food environment indicator, and (2) not accounting for non-stationarity assumption. This study aimed to describe the spatial distribution of obesity and examine the association between community food environment and obesity, and the variation of magnitude and direction of this association across the USA.MethodsData from 20 897 adults who participated in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study and completed baseline assessment between January 2003 and October 2007 were eligible in analysis. Hot Spot analysis was used to assess the spatial distribution of obesity. The association between community food environment and obesity and the variation of this association across the USA were examined using global ordinary least squares regression and local geographically weighted regression.ResultsHigher body mass index (BMI) clusters were more likely to locate in socioeconomically disadvantaged, rural, minority neighbourhoods with a smaller population size, while lower BMI clusters were more likely to appear in more affluent, urban neighbourhoods with a higher percentage of non-Hispanic white residences. There was an overall significant, inverse association between community food environment and obesity (β=−0.0210; p<0.0001). Moreover, the magnitude and direction of this association varied significantly across the US regions.ConclusionsThe findings underscored the need for geographically tailored public health interventions and policies to address unique local food environment issues to achieve maximum effects on obesity prevention.

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“…Le et al study reported that obesity prevalence was higher in the South and North Central regions of the USA 4. Our study results echoed these findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of community food environment and obesity among US adults: a geographical information system analysis

Chen

Creger

Howard

et al. 2018

J Epidemiol Community Health

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“…However, it was about the same as the prevalence of obesity by self-reported BMI (23.8-25.0 %) in the California adult population from the BRFSS surveys 2011-2012. The regional variation among the US states is quite well-known (Le et al 2014): Most of the US Missouri Valley states in the previous study are among the heaviest states, while California is a relatively leaner state. Also it is noteworthy that a good WEFIT program has been successfully implemented in the fire department of the current study since 2004.…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 87%

Comparison of body mass index with waist circumference and skinfold-based percent body fat in firefighters: adiposity classification and associations with cardiovascular disease risk factors

Choi

Steiss

García-Rivas

et al. 2015

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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firefighters had substantially higher CVD risk profiles. Obesity and overweight were less prevalent in female and Asian male firefighters. Conclusions BMI overestimated the prevalence of total overweight and obesity among male firefighters, compared to WC and skinfold-based PBF. Overweight by BMI needs to be more narrowly defined, or the prevalence of BMI-based overweight (27.5-29.9 kg/m 2 ) should be reported additionally for prevention of CVD among male firefighters.Keywords California · Professional firefighters · Obesity · Overweight · Ethnicity · Gender IntroductionObesity is a well-documented risk factor for chronic diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, osteoarthritis, dyslipidemia, type II diabetes, some cancers as well as increased mortality (Flegal et al. 2013 . The prevalence of obesity in the working population of the USA as in the general population has increased, particularly over the last three decades (Caban et al. 2005). Male firefighters are among the top three occupational groups with the highest obesity prevalence in the USA (Caban et al. 2005;Choi et al. 2011;Haddock et al. 2011). As a result, overweight and obesity is an important occupational health issue to be urgently addressed for the 1.1 million US firefighters ) who are at high risk of on-duty cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality (Geibe et al. 2008;Kales et al. 2007) and musculoskeletal injuries Poplin et al. 2012). AbstractPurpose This study aims to examine whether body mass index (BMI) overestimates the prevalence of overweight or obese firefighters when compared to waist circumference (WC) and skinfold-based percent body fat (PBF) and to investigate differential relationships of the three adiposity measures with other biological cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Methods The adiposity of 355 (347 males and eight females) California firefighters was assessed using three different measures. Other CVD risk factors (high blood pressure, high lipid profiles, high glucose, and low VO 2 max) of the firefighters were also clinically assessed. Results The prevalence of total overweight and obesity was significantly (p < 0.01) higher by BMI (80.4 %) than by WC (48.7 %) and by PBF (55.6 %) in male firefighters. In particular, the prevalence of overweight firefighters was much higher (p < 0.01) by BMI (57.3 %) than by WC (24.5 %) and PBF (38.3 %). 60-64 % of male firefighters who were assessed as normal weight by WC and PBF were misclassified as overweight by BMI. When overweight by BMI was defined as 27.5-29.9 kg/m 2 (vs. the standard definition of 25.0-29.9 kg/m 2 ), the agreement of the adiposity classification increased between BMI and other two adiposity measures. Obese firefighters had the highest CVD risk profiles across all three adiposity measures. Only when overweight by BMI was defined narrowly, overweight

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“…Southern cuisine often includes several unhealthy foods and research finds a higher prevalence of obesity in the region (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014; but see also Le et al, 2014). Therefore, Southern identity presents an important test case for understanding the role of identification in food preferences.…”

Section: Study 1: Social Identification Predicts Expected Food Pleasamentioning

confidence: 99%

From groups to grits: Social identity shapes evaluations of food pleasantness

Hackel

Coppin

Wohl

et al. 2018

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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Throughout human history, food consumption has been deeply tied to cultural groups. Past models of food preference have assumed that social concerns are dissociated from basic appetitive qualities-such as tastiness-in food choice. Providing a counter to this notion, we tested and found support for the novel idea that social identities can shape the evaluation of food pleasantness. Specifically, individual differences in social identification (Study 1) as well as experimentally manipulated identity salience (Study 2) were associated with the anticipated tastiness of identity-relevant foods. We also found that identity salience influenced perceived food pleasantness during consumption (Study 3). These results suggest social identity may shape evaluations of food pleasantness, both through long-term motivational components of identification as well as short-term identity salience. Thus, the influence of social identity on cognition appears to extend beyond social evaluation, to hedonic experience. We discuss implications for theories of identity, decision-making, and food consumption.

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The geographic distribution of obesity in the US and the potential regional differences in misreporting of obesity

Cited by 75 publications

References 5 publications

Association of community food environment and obesity among US adults: a geographical information system analysis

Association of community food environment and obesity among US adults: a geographical information system analysis

Comparison of body mass index with waist circumference and skinfold-based percent body fat in firefighters: adiposity classification and associations with cardiovascular disease risk factors

From groups to grits: Social identity shapes evaluations of food pleasantness

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