The genus Armillaria-nomenclature, typification, the identity of Armillaria mellea and species differentiation

Watling, Roy; Kile, G. A.; Gregory, Norma M.

doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(82)80011-9

Cited by 53 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Basidiomes were present in abundance in May 1997. The morphology of the basidiomes was typical of A. mellea s. s. and consistent with that of the neotype from Copenhagen, Denmark (Watling et al . 1982).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

The root rot fungus Armillaria mellea introduced into South Africa by early Dutch settlers

et al. 2001

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Dead and dying oak (Quercus) and numerous other woody ornamental trees and shrubs showing signs and symptoms of Armillaria root rot were identified in the Company Gardens, Cape Town, South Africa, which were established in the mid-1600s by the Dutch East Indies Trading Company. Nineteen isolates from dying trees or from mushrooms were collected and analysed to identify and characterize the Armillaria sp. responsible for the disease. The AluI digestion of the amplified product of the first intergenic spacer region (IGS-1) of the rRNA operon of 19 isolates from the Company Gardens was identical to that of some of the European isolates of A. mellea s. s. The IGS-1 region and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) were sequenced for some of the Cape Town isolates. Phylogenetic analyses placed the Cape Town isolates in the European clade of A. mellea, which is distinct from the Asian and North American clades of this species. Identification based on sexual compatibility was conducted using A. mellea tester strains in diploid-haploid pairings, which showed some compatibility between the Cape Town isolates and testers from Europe. Somatic compatibility tests (diploid-diploid pairings) and DNA fingerprinting with multilocus, microsatellite probes indicated that the Cape Town isolates were genetically identical and may have resulted from vegetative (clonal) spread from a single focus in the centre of the original Company Gardens (c. 1652). The colonized area is at least 345 m in diameter. Assuming a linear spread rate underground of 0.3 m/year to 1.6 m/year, the genet (clone) was estimated to be between 108 and 575 years old. These data suggest that A. mellea was introduced into Cape Town from Europe, perhaps on potted plants, such as grapes or citrus, planted in the Company Gardens more than 300 years ago.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

The root rot fungus Armillaria mellea introduced into South Africa by early Dutch settlers

et al. 2001

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“…Armillaria is easily cultured from such partially decayed wood, using water agar amended with benomyl and streptomycin to select against contaminating, soil‐borne ascomycete fungi and bacteria (Harrington et al ., 1992). Armillaria cultures recovered from these sources can be distinguished from other basidiomycetes primarily by the absence of clamp connections, the absence of reproductive structures and the presence of rhizomorphs (Watling et al ., 1982).…”

Section: Geographical Distribution Host Plant Range and Disease Sympmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secrets of the subterranean pathosystem of Armillaria

Baumgartner

Coetzee

Hoffmeister

2011

Molecular Plant Pathology

160

174

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Armillaria root disease affects fruit and nut crops, timber trees and ornamentals in boreal, temperate and tropical regions of the world. The causal pathogens are members of the genus Armillaria (Basidiomycota, Physalacriaceae). This review summarizes the state of knowledge and highlights recent advances in Armillaria research. Taxonomy:Armillaria includes more than 40 morphological species. However, the identification and delineation of species on the basis of morphological characters are problematic, resulting in many species being undetected. Implementation of the biological species' concept and DNA sequence comparisons in the contemporary taxonomy of Armillaria have led to the discovery of a number of new species that are not linked to described morphological species.Host range: Armillaria exhibits a range of symbioses with both plants and fungi. As plant pathogens, Armillaria species have broad host ranges, infecting mostly woody species. Armillaria can also colonize orchids Galeola and Gastrodia but, in this case, the fungus is the host and the plant is the parasite. Similar to its contrasting relationships with plants, Armillaria acts as either host or parasite in its interactions with other fungi.Disease control: Recent research on post-infection controls has revealed promising alternatives to the former pre-plant eradication attempts with soil fumigants, which are now being regulated more heavily or banned outright because of their negative effects on the environment. New study tools for genetic manipulation of the pathogen and characterization of the molecular basis of the host response will greatly advance the development of resistant rootstocks in a new stage of research. The depth of the research, regardless of whether traditional or genomic approaches are used, will depend on a clear understanding of where the different propagules of Armillaria attack a root system, which of the pathogen's diverse biolymer-degrading enzymes and secondary metabolites facilitate infection, and how the course of infection differs between resistant and susceptible hosts.

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“…Herink (= A . obscura (Persoon) Herink), one of the species recognized within the Armillaria mellea complex in recent years (21). Thus it is possible that the species used in this study has not been examined previously for its metabolites, while reported metabolites of A .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolites of the honey mushroom, Armillariamellea

Ayer¹,

Macaulay²

1987

Can. J. Chem.

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The fungus Armillariamellea (Vahl ex. Fr.) Kummer is responsible for severe losses in timber and fruit production. The metabolites isolated when certain strains of this fungus are grown in liquid culture have been identified as diterpenoid acids possessing the abietane (1) and pimarane (2) skeletons. These compounds, known collectively as resin acids, have not been reported previously from a fungal source. In addition to the resin acids dehydroabietic acid (3), pimaric acid (4), isopimaric acid (5), and sandaracopimaric acid (6), three additional acids, levopimaric acid endo-peroxide (7), 7-oxodehydroabietic acid (9), and 7-oxo-15-hydroxydehydroabietic acid (10) were obtained. On one occasion three orange pigments, austocystin F (11), averufin (12), and averufanin (13), all previously known fungal metabolites, were isolated.

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The genus Armillaria-nomenclature, typification, the identity of Armillaria mellea and species differentiation

Cited by 53 publications

References 19 publications

The root rot fungus Armillaria mellea introduced into South Africa by early Dutch settlers

The root rot fungus Armillaria mellea introduced into South Africa by early Dutch settlers

Secrets of the subterranean pathosystem of Armillaria

Metabolites of the honey mushroom, Armillariamellea

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