The genome of<i>Strongyloides</i>spp. gives insights into protein families with a putative role in nematode parasitism

Hunt, Vicky L.; Tsai, Isheng Jason; Selkirk, Murray E.; Viney, Mark

doi:10.1017/s0031182016001554

Cited by 32 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 131 publications

(201 reference statements)

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“…More recently, whole genome sequencing showed a remarkable amplification of AChE‐like genes in Strongyloides and Parastrongyloides species, although this was not evident in the closely related free‐living nematode Rhabditophanes (Hunt et al . ). Interestingly, these gene sequences predict proteins which lack the C‐terminal membrane anchors found in neuronal AChEs and are likely to be secreted.…”

Section: Amplification Of Ache Genes In Parasitic Nematodesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Consistent with this interpretation, proteomic analysis has identified 20 AChE‐like proteins in the secretome of adult female parasitic Strongyloides ratti (Hunt et al . ). Nevertheless, the vast majority of these sequences lack residues critical for AChE activity, such as those which make up the catalytic triad, the choline‐binding site, or those lining the active site gorge, and are almost certainly catalytically inactive.…”

Section: Amplification Of Ache Genes In Parasitic Nematodesmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Natural genomic amplification of cholinesterase genes in animals

Chatonnet

Lenfant

Marchot

et al. 2017

Journal of Neurochemistry

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Tight control of the concentration of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses requires precise regulation of the number and state of the acetylcholine receptors, and of the synthesis and degradation of the neurotransmitter. In particular, the cholinesterase activity has to be controlled exquisitely. In the genome of the first experimental models used (man, mouse, zebrafish and drosophila), there are only one or two genes coding for cholinesterases, whereas there are more genes for their closest relatives the carboxylesterases. Natural amplification of cholinesterase genes was first found to occur in some cancer cells and in insect species subjected to evolutionary pressure by insecticides. Analysis of the complete genome sequences of numerous representatives of the various metazoan phyla show that moderate amplification of cholinesterase genes is not uncommon in molluscs, echinoderms, hemichordates, prochordates or lepidosauria. Amplification of acetylcholinesterase genes is also a feature of parasitic nematodes or ticks. In these parasites, over-production of cholinesterase-like proteins in secreted products and the saliva are presumed to have effector roles related to host infection. These amplification events raise questions about the role of the amplified gene products, and the adaptation processes necessary to preserve efficient cholinergic transmission.

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Section: Amplification Of Ache Genes In Parasitic Nematodesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Amplification Of Ache Genes In Parasitic Nematodesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Natural genomic amplification of cholinesterase genes in animals

Chatonnet

Lenfant

Marchot

et al. 2017

Journal of Neurochemistry

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“…However, more recently, evidence points to parasite acetylcholinesterases having an immunoregulatory role [38]. Careful assessment of this large family of genes in Strongyloides strongly suggests that, when translated, many of these gene products will be enzymatically inactive [39]. One possibility, therefore, is that this comparatively expanded gene family is a functionless family, though this then begs the question of why such a large family of putatively non-functional proteins became expanded and are maintained in a genome, and why they appear to be secreted by the parasitic stages of the life cycle.…”

Section: Comparing the Genomes Of Parasitic And Free-living Nematodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genomic basis of nematode parasitism

Viney¹

2017

Briefings in Functional Genomics

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Nematodes are highly abundant animals, and many species have a parasitic lifestyle. Nematode parasites are important pathogens of humans and other animals, and there is considerable interest in understanding their molecular and genomic adaptations to nematode parasitism. This has been approached in three main ways: comparing the genomes of closely related parasitic and free-living taxa, comparing the gene expression of parasitic and free-living life cycle stages of parasitic nematode species, and analysing the molecules that parasitic nematodes excrete and secrete. To date, these studies show that many species of parasitic nematodes have genomes that have large gene families coding for proteases/peptidases, protease inhibitors, SCP/TAPS proteins and acetylcholinesterases, and in many cases there is evidence that these appear to be used by parasitic stages inside hosts, and are often secreted. Many parasitic nematodes have taxa-restricted gene families that also appear to be involved in parasitism, emphasizing that there is still much to be discovered about what it takes to be a parasitic nematode.

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“…Here Vicky Hunt and colleagues review this (Hunt et al 2016 a ). This genome sequencing work showed that Strongyloides has a compact genome, indeed almost the smallest known nematode genome.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Together this has given an unrivalled view of the genetic basis of Strongyloides ’ parasitic lifestyle. In this volume, each of the major parasitism-associated gene families – those coding for the astacin metallopeptidases, aspartic proteases, SCP/TAPs-containing proteins, acetycholinesterases, transthyretin-like proteins, prolyl oligopeptidases – are considered in more detail to ask what parasitism-specific roles these gene products might play (Hunt et al 2016 a ). …”

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confidence: 99%