The genetic variability of glycoproteins among respiratory syncytial virus subtype A in China between 2009 and 2013

A molecular epidemiological study of human respiratory syncytial virus in Croatia, 2011–2014

“…Rapid evolution of this gene may account for the ability of this virus to reinfect hosts by gaining advantageous mutations in this region (Botosso et al, 2009). The evolutionary rates we obtained for group A genotypes are similar to corresponding values calculated by others: 7.2 × 10 − 3 for ON1 (Ren et al, 2014) and 4.61 × 10 −3 for NA1 (Hirano et al, 2014). An expansion of the ON1 population size concurrent with its diversification was detected since its introduction, and it was accompanied with a decreasing population size trend observed for NA1.…”

Early Evolution of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus ON1 Strains: Analysis of the Diversity in the C-Terminal Hypervariable Region of Glycoprotein Gene within the First 3.5 Years since Their Detection

“…likely unmutated) in only a few of the ON1 entries. The evolutionary rate for the ON1 genotype based on HVR2 sequences was calculated to be 7.2 × 10 -3 nt/site/year by Ren et al [36] and 7.92 × 10 -3 nt/site/year by Balmaks et al [18], which is higher than the value previously reported for the HVR2 segment of BA strains (4.7 × 10 -3 nt/site/year [24]). We found that there are considerable differences in the variability of the two replicas: mutations of the progenitor sequence were more frequent in segment B, a higher overall diversity on the protein level exists in segment B, and, unlike in segment A, positive selection acts on that protein region.…”

Rapid replacement of prevailing genotype of human respiratory syncytial virus by genotype ON1 in Beijing, 2012–2014

“…Rate of nucleotide substitution per site and the time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) were determined by two methods: an exploratory root-to-tip linear regression analysis (Path-O-Gen software) and the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach (BEAST 1.8.0 software) as described by Agoti et al (2014). Unlike previous studies on the evolutionary analyses for ON1 genotype (Agoti et al, 2014;Kim et al, 2014;Ren et al, 2014), identical sequences were not excluded in our study for the population genetic reason. The Path-O-Gen software (available at http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/pathogen/) takes the maximum likelihood tree as an input and analyzes the relationship between the genetic distance from the root and sampling date for each sequence.…”

“…HRSV strains with this 72 nucleotide duplication were designated genotype ON1. Up to date, HRSV genotype ON1 has been found in China (Cui et al, 2013b;Liu et al, 2014;Ren et al, 2014), Japan (Hirano et al, 2014;Tsukagoshi et al, 2013), South Korea (Lee et al, 2012), Germany (Prifert et al, 2013), South Africa (Valley-omar et al, 2013), Malaysia (Khor et al, 2013), Italy (Pierangeli et al, 2014), India (Choudhary et al, 2013), Thailand (Auksornkitti et al, 2013), Kenya (Agoti et al, 2014), Latvia (Balmaks et al, 2013), Spain (GenBank accession number: KF915266), Philippines (AB846656), Peru (KJ627264), Panama (KF301013), Croatia (KF057868) and USA (KJ672471).…”