Abstract:Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases. Aside from the genetic factor, previous studies stated that other factors such as environment, lifestyle, and paternal-maternal condition play critical roles in diabetes through DNA methylation in specific areas of the genome. One of diabetic cases is caused by insulin resistance and changing the homeostasis of blood glucose control so glucose concentration stood beyond normal rate (hyperglycemia). High fat diet has been frequently studied and linked to tr… Show more
“… Fig. 1 Scheme showing mechanism for induction of obesity from consumption of diets high in MSG via activating increased expression of PPAR-Y and Alpha [ 43 ]. …”
Section: Monosodium Glutamate and Metabolic Disordersmentioning
“… Fig. 1 Scheme showing mechanism for induction of obesity from consumption of diets high in MSG via activating increased expression of PPAR-Y and Alpha [ 43 ]. …”
Section: Monosodium Glutamate and Metabolic Disordersmentioning
“…Monosodium glutamate (MSG) consumption has risen dramatically over three decades [5]. People in Asia often eat foods that contain high carbohydrates [6,7] with the addition of MSG as a flavor enhancer [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. MSG consumption in Southeast Asia is 2-3 times more than people in Europe [13].…”
Asians often consume foods high in carbohydrates with the addition of MSG as a flavor enhancer. Foods with high carbohydrates and MSG are predicted to be obesogen. This study aims to explore the effects of high carbohydrate (HC), high MSG (HMSG), and a combination of high carbohydrate and MSG (HCHMSG) intake with the onset of obesity. Seven-week-old male Swiss Webster strain mice (Mus musculus) (n = 40) were divided into four groups. The control group consisted of 57% carbohydrates, 9% fiber, and 6.11% fat. The HC group was given food intake consisting of 71% carbohydrate, 4.62% fiber, and 1.81% fat for 14 weeks; the HMSG group's diet consisted of 57% carbohydrates, 9% fiber, 6.11% fat with an additional 10% MSG and group HCHMSG diet consisted of 71% carbohydrates, 4.62% fiber and 1.81% fat with an additional 10% MSG. Significant weight gain (p < 0.05) began at the fourth week in HC and HCHMSG groups and the HMSG group in the sixth week. After 14 weeks of study the HC group (BW 45.07 ± 4.41; p < 0.05) and the HCHMSG group were obese (42,817 ± 7,149; p > 0.05). WAT increases significantly in both HC and HCHMSG groups.
“…Our previous literature study (Nathanael et al, 2020) showed that several gene expressions changed when animal models, cell culture, or epidemiological study applied a diet with a high carbohydrate or MSG. However, such study is a comprehensive study in which no central genes which may become determining factor(s) in the formation of T2D are concluded.…”
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D) is one of the metabolic disorders suffered by a global human being. Certain factors, such as lifestyle and heredity, can increase a person's tendency for T2D. Various genes and proteins play a role in the development of insulin resistance and ultimately diabetes in which one central protein that is discussed in this review is FoxO1. In this review, we regard FoxO1 activation as detrimental, promote high plasma glucose level, and induce insulin resistance. Indeed, many contrasting studies arise since FoxO1 is an important protein to alleviate oxidative stress and promote cell survival, for example, also by preventing hyperglycemic-induced cell death. Inter-relation to PPARG, another important protein in metabolism, is also discussed. Ultimately, we discussed contrasting approaches of targeting FoxO1 to combat diabetes mellitus by small molecules.
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