The generalized quaternion matrix equation AXB+CX⋆D=E

Implantation of stem cells for tissue regeneration faces significant challenges such as immune rejection and teratoma formation. Cell-free tissue regeneration thus has a potential to avoid these problems. Stem cell derived exosomes do not cause immune rejection or generate malignant tumors. Here, exosomes that can induce osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are identified and used to decorate 3D-printed titanium alloy scaffolds to achieve cell-free bone regeneration. Specifically, the exosomes secreted by hMSCs osteogenically pre-differentiated for different times are used to induce the osteogenesis of hMSCs. It is discovered that pre-differentiation for 10 and 15 days leads to the production of osteogenic exosomes. The purified exosomes are then loaded into the scaffolds. It is found that the cell-free exosome-coated scaffolds regenerate bone tissue as efficiently as hMSC-seeded exosome-free scaffolds within 12 weeks. RNA-sequencing suggests that the osteogenic exosomes induce the osteogenic differentiation by using their cargos, including upregulated osteogenic miRNAs (Hsa-miR-146a-5p, Hsa-miR-503-5p, Hsa-miR-483-3p, and Hsa-miR-129-5p) or downregulated anti-osteogenic miRNAs (Hsa-miR-32-5p, Hsa-miR-133a-3p, and Hsa-miR-204-5p), to activate the PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Consequently, identification of osteogenic exosomes secreted by pre-differentiated stem cells and the use of them to replace stem cells represent a novel cell-free bone regeneration strategy. 1. Introduction Bone defects can be caused by various clinical diseases such as bone infections, bone tumor, skeletal abnormalities,

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“…The exosomes were refilled every two days when the medium was changed to avoid the degradation of exosomes. [ 56 ]…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes Enhance Cell‐Free Bone Regeneration by Altering Their miRNAs Profiles

et al. 2020

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“…[ 24–26 ] For instance, it has been proved that building a donor–acceptor (D–A) polymer structure is an efficient strategy to enhance the photocatalytic activity of organic polymer photocatalysts, since the electron push–pull system in a D–A polymer can enhance the separation of light‐induced electron/hole pairs. [ 27–29 ] The combination of a polycyclic aromatic donor and an electron‐withdrawing acceptor results in enhanced electron push–pull effect that further increases the separation capability of charge carriers, [ 30–33 ] leading to an enhanced photocatalytic activity. However, most reported D–A polymer photocatalysts are mainly based on polycondensation reactions from two functionalized monomers in stoichiometric ratio, which generates the copolymers with accurate alternative polymer structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boosting the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Activity for D–π–A Conjugated Microporous Polymers by Statistical Copolymerization

et al. 2021

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Recently, great progress has been achieved in the design and preparation of conjugated organic polymer photocatalysts for hydrogen generation. However, it is still challenging to develop an organic polymer photocatalyst with high photoconversion efficiency. Rational structure design of organic polymer photocatalysts holds the key point to realize high photocatalytic performance. Herein, a series of donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A) conjugated organic copolymer photocatalysts is developed using statistical copolymerization by tuning the feed molar ratio of pyrene (donor) to dibenzothiophene‐S,S‐dioxide (acceptor) units. It reveals that the photocatalytic activity of the resulting copolymers is significantly dependent on the molar ratio of donor to acceptor, which efficiently changes the polymer structure and component. When the monomer feed ratio is 25:75, the random copolymer PyBS‐3 of 10 mg with Pt cocatalyst shows a high hydrogen evolution rate of 1.05 mmol h−1 under UV/Vis light irradiation using ascorbic acid as the hole‐scavenger, and an external quantum efficiency of 29.3% at 420 nm, which represents the state‐of‐the‐art of organic polymer photocatalysts. This work demonstrates that statistical copolymerization is an efficient strategy to optimize the polymer structure for improving the photocatalytic activity of conjugated organic polymer catalysts.

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“…Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally occurring nanoparticles secreted by all cells, and serve important roles in many physiological processes, including immunomodulation 1. Increasing evidence has shown that therapeutic effects of cell therapy are elicited through the release of secreted EV cargo, such as RNA, proteins, and lipids 2–6. EVs have many advantages over cell therapy, including easier storage, eliminated risk of malignant transformation, prolonged circulation times, and increased stability 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adipose‐Derived Biogenic Nanoparticles for Suppression of Inflammation

Tian

Ticer

Wang

et al. 2020

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Extracellular vesicles secreted from adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have therapeutic effects in inflammatory diseases. However, production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from ADSCs is costly, inefficient, and time consuming. The anti‐inflammatory properties of adipose tissue‐derived EVs and other biogenic nanoparticles have not been explored. In this study, biogenic nanoparticles are obtained directly from lipoaspirate, an easily accessible and abundant source of biological material. Compared to ADSC‐EVs, lipoaspirate nanoparticles (Lipo‐NPs) take less time to process (hours compared to months) and cost less to produce (clinical‐grade cell culture facilities are not required). The physicochemical characteristics and anti‐inflammatory properties of Lipo‐NPs are evaluated and compared to those of patient‐matched ADSC‐EVs. Moreover, guanabenz loading in Lipo‐NPs is evaluated for enhanced anti‐inflammatory effects. Apolipoprotein E and glycerolipids are enriched in Lipo‐NPs compared to ADSC‐EVs. Additionally, the uptake of Lipo‐NPs in hepatocytes and macrophages is higher. Lipo‐NPs and ADSC‐EVs have comparable protective and anti‐inflammatory effects. Specifically, Lipo‐NPs reduce toll‐like receptor 4‐induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Guanabenz‐loaded Lipo‐NPs further suppress inflammatory pathways, suggesting that this combination therapy can have promising applications for inflammatory diseases.

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The generalized quaternion matrix equation AXB+CX^⋆D=E

Cited by 15 publications

References 26 publications

Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes Enhance Cell‐Free Bone Regeneration by Altering Their miRNAs Profiles

Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes Enhance Cell‐Free Bone Regeneration by Altering Their miRNAs Profiles

Boosting the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Activity for D–π–A Conjugated Microporous Polymers by Statistical Copolymerization

Adipose‐Derived Biogenic Nanoparticles for Suppression of Inflammation

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