The General Symptom Questionnaire-30 (GSQ-30): A Brief Measure of Multi-System Symptom Burden in Lyme Disease

Abstract

Introduction: The multi-system symptoms accompanying acute and post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome pose a challenge for time-limited assessment. The General Symptom Questionnaire (GSQ-30) was developed to fill the need for a brief patient-reported measure of multi-system symptom burden. In this study we assess the psychometric properties and sensitivity to change of the GSQ-30.Materials and Methods: 342 adult participants comprised 4 diagnostic groups: Lyme disease (post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, n = 124; erythema migrans, n = 94); depression, n = 36; traumatic brain injury, n = 51; healthy, n = 37. Participants were recruited from clinical research facilities in Massachusetts, Maryland, and New York. Validation measures for the GSQ-30 included the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 for depression and anxiety, visual analog scales for fatigue and pain, the Sheehan Disability Scale for functional impairment, and one global health question. To assess sensitivity to change, 53 patients with erythema migrans completed the GSQ-30 before treatment and 6 months after 3 weeks of treatment with doxycycline.Results: The GSQ-30 demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.95). The factor structure reflects four core domains: pain/fatigue, neuropsychiatric, neurologic, and viral-like symptoms. Symptom burden was significantly associated with depression (rs = 0.60), anxiety (rs = 0.55), pain (rs = 0.75), fatigue (rs = 0.77), functional impairment (rs = 0.79), and general health (rs = −0.58). The GSQ-30 detected significant change in symptom burden before and after antibiotic therapy; this change correlated with change in functional impairment. The GSQ-30 total score significantly differed for erythema migrans vs. three other groups (post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, depression, healthy controls). The GSQ-30 total scores for traumatic brain injury and depression were not significantly different from post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome.Conclusions and Relevance: The GSQ-30 is a valid and reliable instrument to assess symptom burden among patients with acute and post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome and is sensitive in the detection of change after treatment among patients with erythema migrans. The GSQ-30 should prove useful in clinical and research settings to assess multi-system symptom burden and to monitor change over time. The GSQ-30 may also prove useful in future precision medicine studies as a clinical measure to correlate with disease-relevant biomarkers.

Post-treatment Lyme Disease as a Model for Persistent Symptoms in Lyme Disease

“…The prolonged, subjective symptoms frequently reported in the context of Lyme disease (e.g., fatigue, widespread pain, cognitive complaints, paresthesia, and sleep disruption) also broadly represent those commonly reported in outpatient settings (72)(73)(74). Furthermore, while some differences in impairment and symptom distribution have been studied and reported (75)(76)(77), there is also a degree of general symptom overlap with other disease states such as traumatic brain injury, depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, and fibromyalgia (78). This lack of sensitivity can lead to the conclusion that the prolonged symptoms reported in Lyme disease are no different than the "background noise" of symptoms in the general population.…”

Lyme Disease Frontiers: Reconciling Borrelia Biology and Clinical Conundrums

“…Recently, another instrument was developed to assess and track the burden of multi-system symptoms associated with LD. Although it does not purport to be a primary diagnostic aid, and cannot distinguish between PTLDS and traumatic brain injury or depression, the General Symptom Questionnaire-30 (GSQ-30) is positioned as a monitoring tool for clinical and research use [75]. The GSQ-30 evaluates four domains relevant to LD (pain/fatigue, neuropsychiatric, neurologic, and viral-like symptoms), and is sensitive to changes in the patient's wellbeing over the course of treatment.…”

A Distinct Microbiome Signature in Posttreatment Lyme Disease Patients

“…Furthermore, a pilot study used [ 11 C]DPA-713 PET imaging to study cerebral glial activation and found that several brain regions had higher [ 11 C]DPA-713 binding in patients with PTLDS than in healthy controls (12). In addition to these biomarkers, Fallon et al (69) developed a survey, the General Symptom Questionnaire-30 (GSQ-30), to assess symptom burden and changes; patients with PTLDS reported higher GSQ-30 scores before treatment and maintained these scores until 6 months posttreatment. The GSQ-30 could be a powerful tool to accompany biomarkers like the gut microbiome in PTLDS.…”