Recent technological advances and deployments are creating a new landscape in access networks, with an integration of wireless and fiber technologies a key supporting technology. In the past, a separation between those with fiber in the access networks and those with wireless networks, the relatively low data-rate requirements of backhaul and the relatively large cell sites, have all combined to keep fiber deployment low in wireless backhaul. As fiber has penetrated the access network and the latest wireless standards have demanded smaller, higher bandwidth cells, fiber connectivity has become key. Choices remain as to where the demarcation between key elements should be in the network and whether fiber should be used as just a high data-rate backhaul path or if a transition to radio-over-fiber techniques can afford benefits. This paper will explore the network options available in particular those demonstrated in recent European Union (EU) projects, how they can be integrated with existing access networks and how techniques such as radio-over-fiber can be deployed to offer increased functionality. Index Terms-Microwave photonics, optical access networks, wireless standards. I. INTRODUCTION M OBILE data traffic looks set to increase 1000 fold by 2020 from the level of 2010 [1]. However, it seems obvious that this increase cannot be met simply by a linear increase in capacity. As well as more bandwidth, smaller cells and increased spectral efficiency must all play a part. 3GPP release 12, due in June 2014, is likely to introduce a number of innovations which will build on existing technologies to make significant steps towards increased data rates. Technologies such as enhanced multi-antenna multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), carrier aggregation, downlink and uplink cooperative multipoint with non-ideal backhaul, and integrated support for small cells are likely to be deployed in the relatively near-term. All of these advances require additional backhaul capacity and support ar-Manuscript