The functional independence of impure mands and tacts of abstract stimulus properties

Effects of selection tasks on naming emergence in children

“…Therefore, these results suggest that the amount of training in dictated word-picture relations might be an important variable to be further investigated (Arntzen & Almås, 2002;Carroll & Hesse, 1987;G. Hall & Sundberg, 1987;Nuzzolo-Gomez & Greer, 2004;Petursdottir et al, 2005;Sigafoos et al, 1989;Sigafoos et al, 1990;Twyman, 1996).…”

A Behavioral Look at the Training of Alex: A Review of Pepperberg’s The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots

“…Interestingly, Pepperberg refers to some of the behavioral literature demonstrating functional independence between some of the verbal operants (e.g., Twyman, 1996). However, she does not conduct her research in a manner that addresses this question.…”

Thirty Points About Motivation From Skinner’s Book Verbal Behavior

“…(pp. 253-254) This procedure of manipulating CMOs, along with the use of the other established verbal operants to evoke a mand has led to a fruitful line of research and applications for children with language delays (e.g., Hall & Sundberg, 1987;Shafer, 1994;Twyman, 1996). There are endless applications of CMOs to a wide variety of socially significant human verbal and nonverbal behaviors, and the potential of these forms of motivative variables outside of language instruction for children with autism or other developmental disabilities is just beginning to be realized.…”

“…212-213. ) Point #29: Many of society's problems and individual negative behaviors are a result of MOs It has been well established that many of the problem behaviors experienced by individuals with intellectual disabilities are a function of various types of MOs (e.g., Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, & Richman, 1982/ 1996. This research could set the stage for the study of a wide variety of problems experienced by humans that are related to MOs.…”