The Fresh-Water Biological Stations of America

History of Ecological Sciences, Part 50: Formalizing Limnology, 1870s to 1920s

“…Stephen Forbes' “The Lake as a Microcosm” (1887) provided “the first concept of the limnological ecosystem” (Elster 1974:10; Hagen 1992:7–10, Golley 1993:36–37). In one respect, establishment of field stations, limnology was ahead of plant ecology and animal ecology (Kofoid 1898). In 1893, Jacob Reighard (1861–1942), with support from the Michigan Fish Commission, led a team in a biological survey of Lake St. Clair, located between Lakes Huron and Erie (Chandler 1963:98–99, Bocking 1987:81–91, 1990:478–495, Burgess 1996:91).…”

“…Kellicott's successor at Ohio State was Herbert Osborn, who operated the station in that location, 1899–2 July 1903, in its own building until 1918, when it returned to the State Fish Hatchery (Langlois 1949:3–6). Now, it has separate facilities and is named Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory (Kofoid 1898:394–395, Gerking 1963:239).…”

A North Adriatic centenarian: The marine research station at Rovinj

“…The task was finished in 1900 (Anonymous, 1900): the laboratory rooms were designed in the most modern fashion of the time, each with running fresh-and sea water, gas, electricity, compressed air, and rack for aquarium vessels. The guest scientists had at their disposal all requested equipment, library collections, the dark chamber, various chemicals, and enough aquarium space for laboratory experiments (Zimmermann, 1903;Kofoid, 1910). Good working possibilities have attracted many esteemed European scientists, such as Schaudinn, Prowazek, Reichenow, and others (Vatova, 1928;Gamulin et al, 1964).…”

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“…It is obvious that such stations should be free from the domination Stazione Zoologica, Naples. Image scanned from Kofoid (1910).…”