The free moment in running and its relation to joint loading and injury risk

Willwacher, Steffen; Goetze, Irena; Fischer, Katina Mira; Brüggemann, Gert–Peter

doi:10.1080/19424280.2015.1119890

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Our results are not in accordance with the literature in terms of the observed FM values on the dominant and non-dominant limbs [ 5 , 28 , 52 ]. Our study revealed no statistically significant between-group differences in body weight adjusted FM values during the stance phase of a running cycle.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…The present study provides fundamental information regarding the characteristics of FM in healthy boys as well as boys with genu varus during the stance phase of running. As mentioned in a previous study [ 52 ], it seems that FM could be used to classify genu varus children into functional groups since it possesses a considerable inter-subject variability, a relationship to the mechanical demands put on the lower limb joints and potentially to injury risk. This is likely due to the longer support time during walking versus running.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A trial was discarded if both feet did not land on the force plates, if the participant targeted the platforms, lost balance during the trial, ran with mid or forefoot strike pattern, or even fell during running. Kinematic and kinetic data were extracted during the stance phase of running, defined as the interval from ground contact (onset of vertical GRF [Fz] > 10 N) to toe off (vertical GRF [Fz] < 10 N) [ 22 , 23 ]. Kinematic and kinetic data were filtered using a fourth-order low-pass Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency of 10 and 20 Hz, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparison of running kinetics in children with and without genu varus: A cross sectional study

et al. 2017

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IntroductionVarus knee alignment has been identified as a risk factor for the progression of medial knee osteoarthritis. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated yet in children. Thus, the aims of the present study were to examine differences in ground reaction forces, loading rate, impulses, and free moment values during running in children with and without genu varus.MethodsThirty-six boys aged 9–14 volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided in two age-matched groups (genu varus versus healthy controls). Body weight adjusted three dimensional kinetic data (Fx, Fy, Fz) were collected during running at preferred speed using two Kistler force plates for the dominant and non-dominant limb.ResultsIndividuals with knee genu varus produced significantly higher (p = .01; d = 1.09; 95%) body weight adjusted ground reaction forces in the lateral direction (Fx) of the dominant limb compared to controls. On the non-dominant limb, genu varus patients showed significantly higher body weight adjusted ground reaction forces values in the lateral (p = .01; d = 1.08; 86%) and medial (p < .001; d = 1.55; 102%) directions (Fx). Further, genu varus patients demonstrated 55% and 36% greater body weight adjusted loading rates in the dominant (p < .001; d = 2.09) and non-dominant (p < .001; d = 1.02) leg, respectively. No significant between-group differences were observed for adjusted free moment values (p>.05).DiscussionHigher mediolateral ground reaction forces and vertical loading rate amplitudes in boys with genu varus during running at preferred running speed may accelerate the development of progressive joint degeneration in terms of the age at knee osteoarthritis onset. Therefore, practitioners and therapists are advised to conduct balance and strength training programs to improve lower limb alignment and mediolateral control during dynamic movements.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparison of running kinetics in children with and without genu varus: A cross sectional study

et al. 2017

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“…Besides compensation using the upper body, the runner can prevent whole-body rotation by generating a substantial exorotation moment around the hip at the stance-leg side. These, 'free moments' are transferred over the knee (most likely via passive tissues), which may explain why such free moments have been found to correlate with tibial stress (Milner et al, 2006;Pohl et al, 2008) and knee injuries (Willwacher et al, 2016). Large free moments may also place a high demand on the rotator muscles of the hip.…”

Section: Body Torsion and Arm Swingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The biomechanics of running and running styles: a synthesis

Oeveren

Ruiter

Beek

et al. 2021

Sports Biomechanics

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Running movements are parametrised using a wide variety of devices. Misleading interpretations can be avoided if the interdependencies and redundancies between biomechanical parameters are taken into account. In this synthetic review, commonly measured running parameters are discussed in relation to each other, culminating in a concise, yet comprehensive description of the full spectrum of running styles. Since the goal of running movements is to transport the body centre of mass (BCoM), and the BCoM trajectory can be derived from spatiotemporal parameters, we anticipate that different running styles are reflected in those spatiotemporal parameters. To this end, this review focuses on spatiotemporal parameters and their relationships with speed, ground reaction force and whole-body kinematics. Based on this evaluation, we submit that the full spectrum of running styles can be described by only two parameters, namely the step frequency and the duty factor (the ratio of stance time and stride time) as assessed at a given speed. These key parameters led to the conceptualisation of a so-called Dual-axis framework. This framework allows categorisation of distinctive running styles (coined 'Stick', 'Bounce', 'Push', 'Hop', and 'Sit') and provides a practical overview to guide future measurement and interpretation of running biomechanics.

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“…It has been used as a tibial stress fracture predictor in clinical applications [ 12 ] and is considered a useful biomechanical indicator in static postural [ 13 ], arm-swing [ 11 , 14 ] and gait analyses [ 10 ]. It also contributes to suppressing whole-body oscillation and compensating insufficient moment cancellations between the upper and lower body during the stance phase [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free moment induced by oblique transverse tarsal joint: investigation by constructive approach

et al. 2021

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The human foot provides numerous functions that let humans deal with various environments. Recently, study of the structure of the human foot and adjustment of an appropriate reaction force and vertical free moment during bipedal locomotion has gained attention. However, little is known about the mechanical (morphological) contribution of the foot structure to the reaction force and free moment. It is difficult to conduct a comparative experiment to investigate the contribution systematically by using conventional methods with human and cadaver foot experiments. This study focuses on the oblique transverse tarsal joint (TTJ) of the human foot, whose mechanical structure can generate appropriate free moments. We conduct comparative experiments with a rigid foot, a non-oblique joint foot (i.e. mimicking only the flexion/extension of the midfoot), and an oblique joint foot. Axial loading and walking experiments were conducted with these feet. The axial loading experiment demonstrated that the oblique foot generated free moment in the direction of internal rotation, as observed in the human foot. The walking experiment showed that the magnitude of the free moment generated with the oblique foot is significantly lower than that with the rigid foot during the stance phase. Using this constructive approach, the present study demonstrated that the oblique axis of the TTJ can mechanically generate free moments. This capacity might affect the transverse motion of bipedal walking.

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The free moment in running and its relation to joint loading and injury risk

Cited by 25 publications

References 18 publications

A comparison of running kinetics in children with and without genu varus: A cross sectional study

A comparison of running kinetics in children with and without genu varus: A cross sectional study

The biomechanics of running and running styles: a synthesis

Free moment induced by oblique transverse tarsal joint: investigation by constructive approach

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