The Free Amino Acids in Blood Plasma of Children with Kwashiorkor and Marasmus

Arroyave, Guillermo; Wilson, Dorothy; Funes, Carlota De; Behar, Moisés

doi:10.1093/ajcn/11.5.517

Cited by 118 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The aminogram on these low protein diets bears a close resemblance to those observed by ourselves [5] and others [2,16] in Kwashiorkor and is also similar to that observed in adults on low protein diets [15]. In figure 4, the aminogram of an infant after 21 days on 1.1 g protein/kg/day is compared with what we have described in a patient with grade I of Kwashiorkor [5].…”

Section: Effects Of Varying Levels Of Protein Intakesupporting

confidence: 80%

“…These were prepared from cow's milk; the protein intake of the subjects varied from 1.1 to 9.0 g/kg/day. These variations were produced by diluting the milk and by supplementing it with different quantities of demineralized casein; they were made isocaloric by the further addition of carbohydrate in the form of dextrimaltose 1 and fat as corn oil 2 . The formulas were fed at 110 calories per kilogram; their composition is shown in tabular form.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Plasma Aminogram. I. Influence of the Level of Protein Intake and a Comparison of Whole Protein and Amino Acid Diets

et al. 1968

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ExtractThe changes in plasma aminogram prcduced by variations in level of protein intake provided either as whole protein or a mixture of amino acids were studied. Controls were 29 normal infants, one to three months of age, fed a standard evaporated milk formula providing 3 to 3.5 g/kg/day of protein (fig. 1 and table II). Results obtained with the lowest protein intake (1.1 g/kg/day) are illustrated in figure 2 and presented in table III. Alterations in the plasma aminogram are noted as early as two days after the reduction in intake and become more pronounced as the feeding is prolonged. The most striking changes are depression of the branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) and of lysine and tyrosine. Glycine and serine are elevated with glycine showing the greater elevation. Less striking changes are decreased concentrations of threonine, phenylalanine, ornithine, butyrine, cystine and proline.The aminograms obtained with feedings of 1.3 and 1.5 g/kg/day are very similar to those obtained with the more extreme degree of protein reduction ( fig. 3 and table IV). The aminogram after feeding 1.7 g/kg/day remains within the range of average ±1 standard deviation except for the elevation of glycine.A high intake of milk protein, 9 g/kg/day, results in an increase in the levels of a majority of the amino acids ( fig. 5 and table V). The sole exception is glycine, which tends to be low. Marked increases occur in the branched chain amino acids, valine being the most affected; there is also a large increase in the level of proline. The greatest elevations occur in the levels of methionine, which also show the most marked individual variation, elevations ranging from 2 to 35 times normal average value. An apparent tendency of the methionine level to return towards normal with prolonged feeding of the high protein diet is evident on the graph. The significance of this finding must be questioned, however, since the subjects who were maintained the longest on this diet were those who originally did not have the very high levels of methionine.There are some differences in the aminogram when infants are fed the equivalent of 3.5 g/kg/day in the form of amino acids instead of intact protein ( fig. 6 and table VI). On the amino acid diets, lower average plasma values are seen for the branched chain amino acids, alanine, proline, asparagine and citrulline; higher values are observed for threonine and serine. The markedly elevated levels of plasma amino acid observed after feeding 9 g/kg/day of whole protein are not seen after feeding the equivalent amount of nitrogen as an amino acid mixture ( fig. 7 and table VII). There is elevation only of valine and serine. When individual subjects were shifted from the high protein to the high amino acid diet, the pattern shifted within 24 hours. SNYDERMAN, HOLT, NORTON, ROITMAN, PHANSALKAR SpeculationA more precise and sensitive indicator of the state of protein nutrition is needed. While the level of the plasma amino acids changes rapidly with alterations in protein...

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Section: Effects Of Varying Levels Of Protein Intakesupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Plasma Aminogram. I. Influence of the Level of Protein Intake and a Comparison of Whole Protein and Amino Acid Diets

et al. 1968

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“…In pigs with limited protein ingestion it was verified an alteration in the ratio of non-essential/essential aminoacids from the fall of plasma albumin onwards 27 . Also in malnourished children it was found a decreased plasma concentration of essential and some non-essential aminoacids, among which L-arginine 28 . It should be stressed that arginine is considered an essential aminoacid in growing and young rats 26 , but not in adult animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of protein and vitamin B deficiency on blood parameters and myenteric neurons of the colon of rats

Sant’Ana

Molinari

Miranda-Neto

2001

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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-The aims of this work were to evaluate the effects of the deficient ingestion of protein and vitamin B on the biochemical and hematologic parameters and on the NADH-and NADPH-diaphorase positive myenteric neurons. The control animals (n=10) received commercial chow and the experimental rats (n=10) received chow with protein level reduced to 8% during 120 days. At the time of killing blood was collected for assessment of the blood and hematologic parameters and the ascending colon for quantitative analysis of the neurons of the myenteric plexus. It was observed that the reduction of the protein level to 8% coupled to the reduction of the levels of vitamin B in adult rats neither led to qualitative or quantitative changes on red or white blood cells, nor decreased globulin levels, induced the formation of edema or gave rise to clinical signs typical of protein or vitamin B deficiency. On the other hand, the experimental protocol led to less weight gain, change on the body composition with fat deposition; decrease of the values of serum total protein and albumin; reduction of the area of colon and density of nitrergic and NADH-diaphorase myenteric neurons inferior to the expected.KEY WORDS: enteric neurons, proteic desnutrition, ascending colon, hematology, vitamin B.Efeitos da deficiência de proteínas e vitamina B sobre parâmetros sanguíneos e neurônios mioentéricos do colo de ratos adultos RESUMO -Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar as repercussões da ingestão deficiente de proteínas e vitaminas do complexo B sobre parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos e neurônios mientéricos NADH e NADPH-diaforase positivos. Os animais controle (n=10) receberam ração comercial e os animais experimentais (n=10) ração com teor protéico reduzido para 8% durante 120 dias. Durante o sacrifício, coletou-se o sangue dos animais para avaliação de parâmetros sanguíneos e hematológicos e o colo ascendente para a análise quantitativa dos neurônios do plexo mioentérico. Observou-se que a redução do teor de proteínas na dieta para 8% associado a redução no teor de vitaminas do complexo B em ratos adultos, não causa alterações qualitativas e quantitativas das células sanguíneas das séries vermelha e branca, não leva a redução do valor da globulina nem a formação de edema ou ao surgimento de sinais clínicos característicos das carências de proteínas e vitaminas do complexo B. Por outro lado causa: menor ganho de peso corporal; alteração da composição corporal com acúmulo de gordura; redução nos valores de proteína total e albumina; redução na área do colo e evidenciação de densidade de neurônios nitrérgicos e NADH-diaforase positivos inferior ao esperado.PALAVRAS CHAVE: neurônios entéricos, desnutrição protéica, colo ascendente, hematologia, vitamina B. The utilization of animal models in studies of food restriction with known and controlled diets has as an advantage the improved knowledge about the many aspects of the human desnutrition 1 . Research on desnutrition aimsat simulating natural conditions, which involve deficienc...

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“…Marasmus is a chronic disease, causing weight and height retardation, exhaustion of both muscular and lipid compartments but with minimal liver fatty infiltration and relatively well-preserved immune and synthetic capacities. The aminoacidaemia of PEM usually reveals unaltered or elevated dispensable AA concentrations whereas IAA exhibit declining trends, affecting more specifically isoleucine, leucine and valine, the so-called branched-chain AA (Arroyave et al 1962;Ittyerah et al 1965). Among the eight IAA, plasma Met concentration remains unmodified in subclinical PEM or marasmus (Polge et al 1997; or falls within a subnormal range in kwashiorkor disorders (Arroyave et al 1962;Ittyerah et al 1965).…”

Section: Regulation Of Methionine Homeostasis In Proteindepleted Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aminoacidaemia of PEM usually reveals unaltered or elevated dispensable AA concentrations whereas IAA exhibit declining trends, affecting more specifically isoleucine, leucine and valine, the so-called branched-chain AA (Arroyave et al 1962;Ittyerah et al 1965). Among the eight IAA, plasma Met concentration remains unmodified in subclinical PEM or marasmus (Polge et al 1997; or falls within a subnormal range in kwashiorkor disorders (Arroyave et al 1962;Ittyerah et al 1965). The latter anomaly may be partly explained by the fact that Met is relatively low in vegetable products (Young & Pellett, 1994) whose nutritive value may be further reduced by food processing (Friedman, 1992).…”

Section: Regulation Of Methionine Homeostasis In Proteindepleted Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The essentiality of sulfur is closely related to nitrogen metabolism: a clue to hyperhomocysteinaemia

Ingenbleek¹,

Young

2004

Nutr. Res. Rev.

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N and S metabolisms are closely interwoven throughout both the plant and animal kingdoms. The essentiality of S relates to its participation in the structure of S-containing amino acids (SAA), to its inclusion in many sulfonated molecules, and to a myriad of metabolic and catalytic reactions of vital importance. Methionine (Met) is the indispensable SAA supplied by food proteins and its plasma homeostasis is achieved via a number of highly efficient regulatory mechanisms. In all conditions characterised by a negative body protein balance such as in dietary restriction or cytokine-induced hypercatabolic losses, N and S endogenous pools manifest parallel tissue depletion rates. Adaptive conservation of N and S body stores is reached by a functional restraint of the trans-sulfuration cascade, through the depression of cystathionine ␤-synthase activity. As a result, upstream accumulation of homocysteine favours its re-methylation conversion to Met which helps maintain metabolic pathways of survival value. In addition to the measurement of vitamin indices, that of plasma transthyretin, a sensitive marker of protein nutritional status, is proposed to identify the fluctuations of the total body N component accountable for the alterations of homocysteine concentrations in body fluids.

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The Free Amino Acids in Blood Plasma of Children with Kwashiorkor and Marasmus

Cited by 118 publications

References 11 publications

The Plasma Aminogram. I. Influence of the Level of Protein Intake and a Comparison of Whole Protein and Amino Acid Diets

The Plasma Aminogram. I. Influence of the Level of Protein Intake and a Comparison of Whole Protein and Amino Acid Diets

Effects of protein and vitamin B deficiency on blood parameters and myenteric neurons of the colon of rats

The essentiality of sulfur is closely related to nitrogen metabolism: a clue to hyperhomocysteinaemia

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