The Forms of the Calcium and Inorganic Phosphorus in Human and Animal Sera

Benjamin, Helen Rivkin; Heß, Alfred F.

doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)75981-4

Cited by 60 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 46 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…samples are withdrawn after the solution is thoroughly mixed and prepared for counting. The method of separation has been reported by Clegg (4) and is a modification of that reported earlier by Benjamin and Hess (5). The sack and centrifuge assembly are prepared as indicated in Figures 1 and 2.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A laboratory experiment on exchange and binding of Ca45 by serum proteins

Hein¹,

Clegg²

1956

J. Chem. Educ.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A laboratory experiment on exchange and binding of Ca45 by serum proteins

Hein¹,

Clegg²

1956

J. Chem. Educ.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Serum Calcium, Inorganic Phosphorus and Phosphatase Activity

Gutman¹,

Tyson²,

Gutman³

1936

Arch Intern Med (Chic)

178

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Studies on Ultrafiltrable Calcium

Prasad¹

1960

Arch Intern Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pribam in 1871 (cited by Loeb)35 first suggested that calcium exists in blood in more than one form. However, Rona and Takahashi51,52 in 1911, by using compensatory dialysis, showed for the first time the existence of blood calcium in dialyzable and nondialyzable forms and suggested that the latter was bound to protein. They found 75% of the total calcium to be diffusible.Many papers 3,4,25-29,34-36,38,54,57,60,61were published since then and many ideas were expressed regarding the different forms in which calcium existed, but without definite conclusions until 1934 when McLean and Hastings 40-43 performed some classical experiments by using the "frog's-heart" technique. They found 40% to 50% of the total calcium as ionic and an insignificant amount of diffusible calcium as reversibly bound to citrate. The nondiffusible calcium was accounted for by the presence of calciumprotein complex. The ionization of calciumproteinate was determined by an equilibrium between calcium and protein which could be described as a first-degree approximation by the mass law equation :(Ca++) X (Prot=) _K_|q-2.S Ca Proteinate They did not find any evidence for a calcium-phosphorus complex in the fluids of the body in normals. The effect of tem¬ perature, pH, and magnesium on ionic calcium was found to be negligible. Ap¬ parently the calcium ion concentration was normally maintained within a relatively narrow range by a process of physiologic regulation in which the parathyroid glands played a prominent role. The calcium ion was of primary physiologic importance.The range of calcium ions in normals was 4.25 to 5.25 mg. per 100 ml. of serum.Increased amounts indicated hyperfunctioning parathyroids, and the decreased levels indicated hypoparathyroidism or hyperphosphatemia of uremia. The calcium ion concentration of plasma at any time was the resultant of an equilibrium between the total amounts of calcium and protein pres¬ ent in the plasma. According to Hopkins and co-work¬ ers,32'33 ultrafiltrable calcium (diffusible calcium) normally ranged between 65% and 75% of the total, if the pH of the ultrafiltrate ranged between 7.3 and 7.7. They controlled the serum pH by saturating it with 5% CO2 in O2 prior to ultrafiltration. This information renewed interest in this problem.The purpose of this paper is to review older work and to present our data on :(a) the effect of pH and CO2 on ultra¬ filtrable calcium; (b) the changes occurring in respiratory acidosis and alkalosis; (c) the base binding property of different se¬ rum proteins with respect to calcium; and (d) the determination of ultrafiltrable cal¬ cium in some clinical disorders.Effect of pH and C02 on Ultrafiltrable Calcium Only a few earlier workers controlled the pH of serum during ultrafiltration. In 1921 von Meysenbug and co-workers 60 controlled the pH by saturating serum with 6% CO2. They found the ultrafiltrable calcium in healthy human beings to range between 60% and 70% of the total, and this was nearly the same in tetany. By the same method for controlling pH of s...

show abstract

The Forms of the Calcium and Inorganic Phosphorus in Human and Animal Sera

Cited by 60 publications

References 46 publications

A laboratory experiment on exchange and binding of Ca45 by serum proteins

A laboratory experiment on exchange and binding of Ca45 by serum proteins

Serum Calcium, Inorganic Phosphorus and Phosphatase Activity

Studies on Ultrafiltrable Calcium

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About