The Formation of Fungal Sporopollenin in the Zygospore Wall of Mucor mucedo: a Role for the Sexual Carotenogenesis in the Mucorales

A Review of Macromolecular Organic Compounds That Comprise Living Organisms and Their Role in Kerogen, Coal, and Petroleum Formation

“…The typical shape and ornamentations of the wall are retained in several fungal spores, following NIM isolation (Gooday et 01., 1974;Beckett, 1976;Furch and Gooday, 1978). However, amorphous fungal NIM were also reported (Gooday et al, 1973).…”

“…• The concomitant presence, or absence, of resistant wall macromolecules and of oxygenated carotenoids was noted in numerous algae, bacteria, and fungi (Atkinson et al, 1972;Gooday et al, 1973;Strohl et al, 1977;Burczyk and Hesse, 1981;Burczyk, 1987). However, the presence of resistant wall material was also demonstrated both in carotenoid-deficient mutants of fungal spores (Gooday et al, 1974) and in the apochlorotic alga Prototheca wickerhamii, in which not even traces of carotenoids or carotenoid precursors occur (Puel et a1., 1987).…”

“…NIM were shown to occur in the walls of some bacterial and fungal spores and also in a few bacterial vegetative cells (Gooday et al, 1973(Gooday et al, , 1974Beckett, 1976;Strohl et a1., 1977;Furch and Gooday, 1978;Grippiolo and Bonfante-Fasolo, 1984). The typical shape and ornamentations of the wall are retained in several fungal spores, following NIM isolation (Gooday et 01., 1974;Beckett, 1976;Furch and Gooday, 1978).…”

Analysis of Sporopollenin Isolated from Pollen of Ambrosia Artemisiifolia and A. Trifida

“…Procedures for isolation of sporopollenin were adapted from publi shed methods (Shaw & Yeadon, 1966;Gooday et at. , 1973).…”

“…This fraction possesses a complex infrared spectrum, and characteri stic degradation products are produced by pyrolysis or fu sion with potassium hydroxide. Sporopollenin is apparently derived from carotenoid ester precursors (Achari et al, 1973 ;Gooday et at., 1973). Sporopollenin of ma ny species was studied in Shaw's laboratory, but Ambrosia species were a pparently omitted (Brooks & Shaw, 1971;Shaw, 1970Shaw, , 1971Shaw & Yeadon, 1964, 1966 .…”