The flavonoid-enriched extract from the root of Smilax china L. inhibits inflammatory responses via the TLR-4-mediated signaling pathway

Feng, Haixing; He, Yan-Ling; La, Lei; Hou, Chuqi; Song, Luyao; Yang, Qin; Wu, Fengjie; Liu, Wenqin; Hou, Lei; Li, Yan; Wang, Chunxia; Li, Yuhao

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.112785

Cited by 30 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Smilax china L., a dicotyledonous medicinal plant of the Liliaceae family, and its extract have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant effects. 38 Studies have shown that anti-hyperglycemic properties are also found in Achyranthes, Dogwood, Chinese yam, Peony bark, Poria, and Alisma, and that SDMM capsules have a protective effect on retinal damage caused by diabetes. 39–42 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Shuangdan Mingmu Capsule on Diabetic Retinopathy in Rats via Regulation of miRNAs

Li¹,

Yang²,

Yan³

et al. 2022

DMSO

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Shuangdan Mingmu Capsule on Diabetic Retinopathy in Rats via Regulation of miRNAs

Li¹,

Yang²,

Yan³

et al. 2022

DMSO

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“…& Sav. in our laboratory, as previously described ( 21 ). The structure of ARR was elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Natural products represent novel compounds that have been shown to prevent different types of disease, such as cancer, infectious diseases and cardiovascular diseases ( 20 ). Epigallocatechin, curcumin and other natural phenolic compounds have been established to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities ( 21 – 23 ). α-rhamnrtin-3-α-rhamnoside (ARR; Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

α‑rhamnrtin‑3‑α‑rhamnoside exerts anti‑inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated RAW264.7 cells by abrogating NF‑κB and activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway

et al. 2021

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α-rhamnrtin-3-α-rhamnoside (ARR) is the principal compound extracted from Loranthus tanakae Franch. & Sav. However, its underlying pharmacological properties remain undetermined. Inflammation is a defense mechanism of the body; however, the excessive activation of the inflammatory response can result in physical injury. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of ARR on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and to determine the underlying molecular mechanism. A Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was performed to assess cytotoxicity. Nitric oxide (NO) production was measured via a NO colorimetric kit. Levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2 ) and proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-6, were detected using ELISAs. Reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q)PCR analysis was performed to detect the mRNA expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), IL-6 and IL-1β in LPS-induced RAW246.7 cells. Western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry analyses were performed to measure the expression levels of NF-κB and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway-related proteins to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the inflammatory response. The results of the cytotoxicity assay revealed that doses of ARR ≤200 µg/ml exhibited no significant effect on the viability of RAW264.7 cells. The results of the Griess assay demonstrated that ARR inhibited the production of NO. In addition, the results of the ELISAs and RT-qPCR analysis discovered that ARR reduced the production of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-6, as well as the proinflammatory mediators, PGE 2 , iNOS and COX-2, in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that ARR inhibited LPS-induced activation of TNF-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and NF-κB p65 signaling molecules, while reversing the downregulation of the NOD-like receptor family CARD domain containing 3 (NLRC3) signaling molecule, which was consistent with the results of the western blotting analysis. Immunofluorescence results indicated that ARR reduced the increase of NF-κB p65 nuclear expression induced by LPS. Furthermore, the results of the western blotting experiments also revealed that ARR upregulated heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 and Nrf2 pathway molecules. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that ARR may exert anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating NF-κB and activating Nrf2-mediated inflammatory responses, suggesting that ARR may be an attractive anti-inflammatory candidate drug.

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“…Many secondary metabolites have been isolated from the medicinal plant, Smilax china [ 12 , 13 ]. For instance, stilbenes and flavonoids such as oxyresveratrol, resveratrol, and scirpusin A [ 14 , 15 ], steroidal saponins [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], and cytotoxic phenylpropanoid glycosides were isolated from Smilax china [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. The new compounds, phenylpropanoid glycosides, isolated from the stems of Smilax china, are known smilasides [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Activity of Smilax china L. Root Extracts against the Acne-Causing Bacterium, Cutibacterium acnes, and Its Active Compounds

et al. 2022

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The root of Smilax china L. is used in traditional Korean medicine. We found that the Smilax china L. root extract has strong antimicrobial activity against two Cutibacterium acnes strains (KCTC 3314 and KCTC 3320). The aim of this study was to identify the beneficial properties of Smilax china L. extracts for their potential use as active ingredients in cosmetics for the treatment of human skin acne. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF/MS) methods were used to obtain the profile of secondary metabolites from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of the crude extract. Agar diffusion and resazurin-based broth microdilution assays were used to evaluate antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), respectively. Among the 24 metabolites, quercetin, resveratrol, and oxyresveratrol were the most potent compounds against Cutibacterium acnes. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of quercetin, resveratrol, and oxyresveratrol were 31.25, 125, and 250 μg/mL, respectively.

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The flavonoid-enriched extract from the root of Smilax china L. inhibits inflammatory responses via the TLR-4-mediated signaling pathway

Cited by 30 publications

References 46 publications

Effect of Shuangdan Mingmu Capsule on Diabetic Retinopathy in Rats via Regulation of miRNAs

Effect of Shuangdan Mingmu Capsule on Diabetic Retinopathy in Rats via Regulation of miRNAs

α‑rhamnrtin‑3‑α‑rhamnoside exerts anti‑inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated RAW264.7 cells by abrogating NF‑κB and activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway

Antimicrobial Activity of Smilax china L. Root Extracts against the Acne-Causing Bacterium, Cutibacterium acnes, and Its Active Compounds

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