The fixative lipid of tiger pheromone

Poddar-Sarkar, Mousumi

doi:10.1016/s0929-7855(96)00547-0

Cited by 21 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This odor was less persistent in the absence of the lipid fraction of the fluid (Brahmachary et al 1990). The lipid material consists of a complex mixture of, inter alia, long-chain free and esterified saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and alcohols with carbon chains of 14 to 22 carbon atoms (Poddar-Sarkar 1996). In bioassays carried out during investigation into the semiochemical role of the urine of the cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus (Burger et al 2006b), it was observed that whereas a male Bengal tiger showed minimal interest in the cheetah's urine and in various other odorants used as controls, it immediately attempted to overmark a mixture of a few of the synthetic constituents of its own marking fluid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Characterization of Territorial Marking Fluid of Male Bengal Tiger, Panthera tigris

Burger

Viviers

Bekker³

et al. 2008

J Chem Ecol

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The territorial marking fluid of the male Bengal tiger, Panthera tigris, consists of a mixture of urine and a small quantity of lipid material that may act as a controlled-release carrier for the volatile constituents of the fluid. Using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 98 volatile compounds and elemental sulfur were identified in the marking fluid. Another 16 volatiles were tentatively identified. The majority of these compounds were alkanols, alkanals, 2-alkanones, branched and unbranched alkanoic acids, dimethyl esters of dicarboxylic acids, γ-and δ-lactones, and compounds containing nitrogen or sulfur. Several samples of the marking fluid contained pure (R)-3-methyl-2-octanone, (R)-3-methyl-2-nonanone, and (R)-3-methyl-2-decanone, but these ketones were partly or completely racemized in other samples. The γ-lactone (S)-(+)-(Z)-6-dodecen-4-olide and the C8 to C16 saturated (R)-γ-lactones and (S)-δ-lactones were present in high enantiomeric purities.The chiral carboxylic acids, 2-methylnonanoic acid, 2-methyldecanoic acid, 2-methylundecanoic acid, and 2-ethylhexanoic acid were racemates. Cadaverine, putrescine, and 2-acetylpyrroline, previously reported as constituents of tiger urine, were not detected. The dominant contribution of some ketones, fatty acids, and lactones to the composition of the headspace of the marking fluid suggests that these compounds may be important constituents of the pheromone. Although it constitutes only a small proportion, the lipid fraction of the fluid contained larger quantities of the volatile organic compounds than the aqueous fraction (urine). The lipid derives its role as controlled-release carrier of the chemical message left by the tiger, from its affinity for the volatiles of the marking fluid. Six proteins with masses ranging from 16 to 69 kDa, inter alia, the carboxylesteraselike urinary protein known as cauxin, previously identified in the urine of the domestic cat and other felid species, were identified in the urine fraction of the marking fluid.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Characterization of Territorial Marking Fluid of Male Bengal Tiger, Panthera tigris

Burger

Viviers

Bekker³

et al. 2008

J Chem Ecol

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“…The persistence of the marks is heavily dependent on two factors: the relatively large size of its molecules and the lipid component [5,11,31,32]. The large molecular mass is thought to result in lower volatility and increased persistence in the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The large molecular mass is thought to result in lower volatility and increased persistence in the environment. The lipid portion of markings is known as a ‘lipid fixative’ [31,32]. In many great cat species it is comprised of free fatty acids, glycerides, esters, and phospholipid [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analytical Methods for Chemical and Sensory Characterization of Scent-Markings in Large Wild Mammals: A Review

Soso

Kozieł

Johnson

et al. 2014

Sensors

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In conjoining the disciplines of “ethology” and “chemistry” the field of “Ethochemistry” has been instituted. Ethochemistry is an effective tool in conservation efforts of endangered species and the understanding of behavioral patterns across all species. Chemical constituents of scent-markings have an important, yet poorly understood function in territoriality, reproduction, dominance, and impact on evolutionary biology, especially in large mammals. Particular attention has recently been focused on scent-marking analysis of great cats (Kalahari leopards (Panthera pardus), puma (Puma concolor) snow leopard (Panthera uncia), African lions (Panthera leo), cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), and tigers (Panthera tigris)) for the purpose of conservation. Sensory analyses of scent-markings could address knowledge gaps in ethochemistry. The objective of this review is to summarize the current state-of-the art of both the chemical and sensory analyses of scent-markings in wild mammals. Specific focus is placed on sampling and sample preparation, chemical analysis, sensory analysis, and simultaneous chemical and sensory analyses. Constituents of exocrine and endocrine secretions have been most commonly studied with chromatography-based analytical separations. Odor analysis of scent-markings provides an insight into the animal's sensory perception. A limited number of articles have been published in the area of sensory characterization of scent marks. Simultaneous chemical and sensory analyses with chromatography-olfactometry hyphenation could potentially aid conservation efforts by linking perceived odor, compounds responsible for odor, and resulting behavior.

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“…Urine and anal sac-derived volatile compounds have been partially characterized for many large cats, including tigers (Brachmachary and Dutta, 1981;Brachmachary et al, 1992;Poddar-Sarkar et al, 1994, 2004Poddar-Sarkar, 1996;Burger et al, 2008), lions (Albone and Eglington, 1974;Anderson and Vulpius, 1999), leopards (Brachmachary and Dutta, 1984;Poddar-Sarkar and Brahmachary, 2004 cheetahs (Burger et al, 2006), and bobcats (Mattina et al, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Scents on Cheeks and Foreheads of Large Felines in Connection to the Facial Marking Behavior

et al. 2012

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We investigated head- and cheek-rubbing behavior in four species of large felines, lions (Leo panther), leopards (Panthera pardus), tigers (Panthera tigris), and cougars (Puma concolor), in captivity. Preliminary behavioral observations found that lions and tigers, but not leopards and cougars, showed behavioral responses to cardboard rubbing samples from head and cheek areas from conspecific felines, compared to the blank cardboard controls. In this context, surface samples on the facial areas of each species were collected to analyze volatile organic compounds that could be involved in the facial marking of felines. Previously developed stir bar surface sampling methodology was used. From all cheek and forehead samples, 100 volatile organic compounds were identified or tentatively identified. Among these, 41 have been previously reported to be present in feline urine and marking secretions. Several new compounds were identified on facial surfaces. Some of the compounds showed substantial quantitative differences among the species. One compound, that has not been reported previously in mammals, 3-acetamidofuran, was found in all investigated species. It was synthesized and tested for behavioral responses. No responses were elicited in a preliminary test. Future research will test other potential signaling compounds and their mixtures for ability to elicit behavioral responses.

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The fixative lipid of tiger pheromone

Cited by 21 publications

References 10 publications

Chemical Characterization of Territorial Marking Fluid of Male Bengal Tiger, Panthera tigris

Chemical Characterization of Territorial Marking Fluid of Male Bengal Tiger, Panthera tigris

Analytical Methods for Chemical and Sensory Characterization of Scent-Markings in Large Wild Mammals: A Review

Investigation of Scents on Cheeks and Foreheads of Large Felines in Connection to the Facial Marking Behavior

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