Analytical Methods for Chemical and Sensory Characterization of Scent-Markings in Large Wild Mammals: A Review

Soso, Simone B.; Kozieł, Jacek A.; Johnson, Anna K.; Lee, Young Jin; Fairbanks, W. Sue

doi:10.3390/s140304428

Cited by 27 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 187 publications

(279 reference statements)

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“…Soso et al . () coined the term ‘ethochemistry’ to describe the complementary nature of ethology and chemistry while creating a new sub‐discipline that focuses on identifying the potential biologically meaningful information communicated via chemical scents. This new field may help address the extent to which scents vary their ‘meanings’ according to changing ratios of particular elements within compounds (Apps, ), or as single molecules that elicit a complete response (Apfelbach et al., ).…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As technology develops, our understanding and interpretation of the variable literature will grow [a full review of sample analysis and preparation for analytical use is provided by Soso et al . ()].…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1) Improved analytical technologies Our ability to identify fine differences between scents in the field has been enhanced by the creation of mobile analytical capabilities and refined protocols for the detection and characterization of scents (Parker, 2010). Soso et al (2014) coined the term 'ethochemistry' to describe the complementary nature of ethology and chemistry while creating a new sub-discipline that focuses on identifying the potential biologically meaningful information communicated via chemical scents. This new field may help address the extent to which scents vary their 'meanings' according to changing ratios of particular elements within compounds (Apps, 2013), or as single molecules that elicit a complete response (Apfelbach et al, 2015).…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biologically meaningful scents: a framework for understanding predator–prey research across disciplines

et al. 2017

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Fear of predation is a universal motivator. Because predators hunt using stealth and surprise, there is a widespread ability among prey to assess risk from chemical information -scents -in their environment. Consequently, scents often act as particularly strong modulators of memory and emotions. Recent advances in ecological research and analytical technology are leading to novel ways to use this chemical information to create effective attractants, repellents and anti-anxiolytic compounds for wildlife managers, conservation biologists and health practitioners. However, there is extensive variation in the design, results, and interpretation of studies of olfactory-based risk discrimination. To understand the highly variable literature in this area, we adopt a multi-disciplinary approach and synthesize the latest findings from neurobiology, chemical ecology, and ethology to propose a contemporary framework that accounts for such disparate factors as the time-limited stability of chemicals, highly canalized mechanisms that influence prey responses, and the context within which these scents are detected (e.g. availability of alternative resources, perceived shelter, and ambient physical parameters). This framework helps to account for the wide range of reported responses by prey to predator scents, and explains, paradoxically, how the same individual predator scent can be interpreted as either safe or dangerous to a prey animal depending on how, when and where the cue was deposited. We provide a hypothetical example to illustrate the most common factors that influence how a predator scent (from dingoes, Canis dingo) may both attract and repel the same target organism (kangaroos, Macropus spp.). This framework identifies the catalysts that enable dynamic scents, odours or odorants to be used as attractants as well as deterrents. Because effective scent tools often relate to traumatic memories (fear and/or anxiety) that cause future avoidance, this information may also guide the development of appeasement, enrichment and anti-anxiolytic compounds, and help explain the observed variation in post-traumatic-related behaviours (including post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD) among diverse terrestrial taxa, including humans.

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Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biologically meaningful scents: a framework for understanding predator–prey research across disciplines

et al. 2017

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“…(2013) supports the hypothesis that Feliway can lower the fecal corticosteroid metabolites in post-operative artificial insemination procedures for tigers 6 . Researchers have studied scent-marking behaviors and their importance in small cats ( Felis catus ) 7 , pumas ( Puma concolor ) 8 , jackals ( Canis aureus ) 9 , lions ( Panthera leo ) 10 , leopards ( Panthera pardus ) 11–13 , tigers ( Panthera tigris ) 12–14 , and cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus ) 13 to understand the purpose of these markings in animal communication, how they are used for reproduction, territoriality, and enrichment. The marking behavior information gained from these small and great cat studies can be used to increase understanding of how to increase population sizes and prevent great cat extinction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing the scent and chemical composition of Panthera leo marking fluid using solid-phase microextraction and multidimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry-olfactometry

Soso

Kozieł

2017

Sci Rep

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Lions (Panthera leo) use chemical signaling to indicate health, reproductive status, and territorial ownership. To date, no study has reported on both scent and composition of marking fluid (MF) from P. leo. The objectives of this study were to: 1) develop a novel method for simultaneous chemical and scent identification of lion MF in its totality (urine + MF), 2) identify characteristic odorants responsible for the overall scent of MF as perceived by human panelists, and 3) compare the existing library of known odorous compounds characterized as eliciting behaviors in animals in order to understand potential functionality in lion behavior. Solid-phase microextraction and simultaneous chemical-sensory analyses with multidimensional gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry improved separating, isolating, and identifying mixed (MF, urine) compounds versus solvent-based extraction and chemical analyses. 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine, 4-methylphenol, and 3-methylcyclopentanone were isolated and identified as the compounds responsible for the characteristic odor of lion MF. Twenty-eight volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from MF were identified, adding a new list of compounds previously unidentified in lion urine. New chemicals were identified in nine compound groups: ketones, aldehydes, amines, alcohols, aromatics, sulfur-containing compounds, phenyls, phenols, and volatile fatty acids. Twenty-three VOCs are known semiochemicals that are implicated in attraction, reproduction, and alarm-signaling behaviors in other species.

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“…Finally, Soso et al [15] presented a unique review on the chemical and sensory characterization of scent-markings in large wild mammals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources

Kim

2014

Sensors

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People encounter enormous numbers of chemicals present in the outdoor atmosphere and/or in the various facilities they use daily. Despite such diversity, not many of them have necessarily the potential to draw human’s nasal attraction if their perception thresholds are in general not sufficiently low enough, regardless of abundance. In this sense, many types of scents, musks, fragrances, smells, odors, and pheromones are unique enough to draw a great deal of attention mainly by their presence at or near threshold levels which are far lower than those of common chemicals with poor odorant characteristics. It is known that most of the diverse characters of odor-related ingredients or expressions are commonly produced from various biota sources present in the biosphere, e.g., fauna, flora, bacteria, fruits, flowers, trees, meats, fresh/decaying foods, etc. [...]

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Analytical Methods for Chemical and Sensory Characterization of Scent-Markings in Large Wild Mammals: A Review

Cited by 27 publications

References 187 publications

Biologically meaningful scents: a framework for understanding predator–prey research across disciplines

Biologically meaningful scents: a framework for understanding predator–prey research across disciplines

Characterizing the scent and chemical composition of Panthera leo marking fluid using solid-phase microextraction and multidimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry-olfactometry

Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources

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