The Five-Point Test: Reliability, Validity and Normative Data for Children and Adults

Tucha, Lara; Aschenbrenner, Steffen; Koerts, Janneke; Lange, Klaus W.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046080

Cited by 69 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The standardization of the application of the test procedure and the clear instructions for evaluation of test performances ensure a high level of objectivity (Tucha et al 2012). We used the FPT because of its relative advantages over other figural fluency measures (e.g., RFFT) including brevity and simplicity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) Enhances Figural Fluency: Implications for Creative Cognition

2017

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Creative cognition and figural fluency are two closely related concepts. Previous studies suggest different brain regions involved in figural fluency, creativity, and divergent thinking including frontal and parietal cortices. Furthermore, neural underpinning of the figural fluency is yet to be studied. This study aimes to investigate effects of modulation of cortical excitability in the right posterior parietal cortex (r-PPC) and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (l-DLPFC) on figural fluency using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Twenty neurologically unimpaired participants (mean age 27.55, SD = 5.11) received anodal r-PPC (P4), anodal l-DLPFC (F3), and sham tDCS (15 min, 1.5 mA) with 72-h interval between each stimulation condition. After 5 min of stimulation, participants underwent the Five-Point Test (FPT) which is a measure of figural fluency. Results showed that although participants produced more unique figures under both stimulation montages, they significantly produced more unique designs under anodal r-PPC tDCS compared to anodal l-DLPFC and sham tDCS. Findings imply that figural fluency is more dependent on the activation of the right posterior regions of parietal cortex, which is associated with spatial cognition, visual attention, cognitive flexibility, and creative cognition, but may partially benefit from activation of prefrontal regions too. tDCS has beneficial effects in enhancing figural fluency and potentially creative cognition as well as potential therapeutic effects in disorders suffering from impaired figural fluency.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) Enhances Figural Fluency: Implications for Creative Cognition

2017

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“…The dependent variable is performance time. A value for cognitive flexibility can be extracted by eliminating the performance time of task A from that of task B (Reitan 1958;Spreen and Strauss 1998). According to the Maze Test and the Stroop Test, a residualized variable was calculated by regression analysis.…”

Section: Number Connection Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dependent variables are the number of unique patterns and the percentage of repetitions. The first value is related to figural fluency, the second to perseveration (Spreen and Strauss 1998;Tucha et al 2012). The performance in the Five-Point Test correlates significantly with the performance of cognitively impaired individuals during visuomotor adaptation (Schmitz 2014).…”

Section: Five-point Test: 3-min Version Of Regard's Five-pointmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interference between adaptation to double steps and adaptation to rotated feedback in spite of differences in directional selectivity

Schmitz

2016

Exp Brain Res

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Two key features of sensorimotor adaptation are the directional selectivity of adaptive changes and the interference of adaptations to opposite directions. The present study investigated whether directional selectivity and interference of adaptation are related to executive functions and whether these phenomena differ between two methods for visuomotor adaptation. Subjects adapted at three target directions to clockwise or counterclockwise rotated feedback or to clockwise or counterclockwise target displacements (double steps). Both adaptation methods induce rotations of movement trajectories into the same direction, but provide visual information differently. The results showed that adaptation progressed differently between three targets. When movements adapted clockwise, adaptation was best at the most clockwise located target, and when movements adapted counterclockwise, it was best at the most counterclockwise located target, suggesting that spatial generalization between target directions is related to the direction of motor adaptation. The two adaptation methods produced different adaptation patterns, which indicate a further impact of visual information. A second adaptation to the other and opposite-directed discordance was worse than naive adaptation and washed out the aftereffects from the first adaptation, confirming that both adaptation methods interfered. Executive functions were significant covariate for overall interference and interference of target-specific adaptation. The results suggest that directional selectivity of adaptation is shaped by the direction of motor adaptation and the visual information provided. The interference of both adaptation methods indicates that they share adaptive mechanisms for recalibration. The interference is the lower the better subjects are able to cognitively switch between tasks and to inhibit prepotent responses. Therefore, cognitive functions seem to be involved in the inhibition of non-adequate sensorimotor responses.

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“…Impairments on this task could be linked with brain dysfunctions, in particular in patients with Parkinson's disease [7] irrespective of their visuomotor and visuospatial skills [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Language, executive functioning and symptomatology—Is fluency a transversal tool in schizophrenia?

Rinaldi¹,

Lefèbvre²,

Trappeniers³

2013

OJPsych

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Despite a large number of studies on fluency disorders in schizophrenia, it is still not clear whether executive functioning and fluency tasks are empirically linked and how symptomatology could specifically get involved on these influences. We carried out analyses of performances in several verbal fluency tasks, a non-verbal fluency task and an executive test (FAB) in 25 schizophrenics and 25 healthy subjects matched in terms demographic data. Patients also completed the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale in order to control for their clinical profile. Our results suggest that schizophrenic patients show both category and letter fluency deficits with a greater impairment for letter fluency. They also display poorer performances for the non-verbal fluency task. In patients, all the verbal and non-verbal fluencies are significantly correlated with the FAB total score. By contrast, in controls, only letter fluency correlates with the FAB total score, which is congruent with previous literature on the healthy mechanisms of verbal fluency. Besides, factorial analyses show that symptomatology is specifically related to particular indexes of fluency tasks. Taken together, these data lead to support the hypothesis of retrieval rather than semantic difficulties and alargest involvement of executive functioning in schizophrenics during tasks that require a certain degree of efficiency, with performance being influenced by the clinical profile. Yet, the relation between fluency scores and executive functioning has to be more intensively explored and further studies should include semantic memory measures that fit with pathology's constraints and characteristics.

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The Five-Point Test: Reliability, Validity and Normative Data for Children and Adults

Cited by 69 publications

References 47 publications

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) Enhances Figural Fluency: Implications for Creative Cognition

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) Enhances Figural Fluency: Implications for Creative Cognition

Interference between adaptation to double steps and adaptation to rotated feedback in spite of differences in directional selectivity

Language, executive functioning and symptomatology—Is fluency a transversal tool in schizophrenia?

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