The First Whole Genome Sequencing of Sanghuangporus sanghuang Provides Insights into Its Medicinal Application and Evolution

Abstract

Sanghuangporus is a medicinal macrofungal genus typified by S. sanghuang, the very species utilized in traditional Chinese medicines by Chinese ancient people. To facilitate the medicinal application of S. sanghuang, we, for the first time, perform its genome sequencing and analyses from a monokaryon strain. A 33.34 Mb genome sequence was assembled to 26 contigs, which lead to the prediction of 8278 protein-coding genes. From these genes, the potential biosynthesis pathway of sesquiterpenoids was, for the first time, identified from Sanghuangporus, besides that of triterpenoids. While polysaccharides are the main medicinal metabolites in S. sanghuang, flavonoids are especially abundant medicinal metabolites comparing with other medicinal macrofungal groups. From the genomic perspective, S. sanghuang has a tetrapolar heterothallic mating system, and has its special nutritional strategy and advantageous medicinal properties compared with S. baumii and S. vaninii. A phylogenomics analysis indicates that Sanghuangporus emerged 15.39 million years ago and S. sanghuang has a closer phylogenetic relationship with S. baumii than S. vaninii. However, S. sanghuang shares a higher region of synteny and more orthologous genes, including carbohydrate-active enzymes with S. vaninii than S. baumii. A comparative genomics analysis with S. baumii and S. vaninii indicates that species diversification within Sanghuangporus may be driven by the translocation and translocation plus inversion of genome sequences, while the expansion and contraction of gene families may contribute to the host specificity of Sanghuangporus species. In general, the genome sequence of S. sanghuang provides insights into its medicinal application and evolution.

Chromosome-Level Genome Sequences, Comparative Genomic Analyses, and Secondary-Metabolite Biosynthesis Evaluation of the Medicinal Edible Mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus

“…S13). There were 126 coding genes (143 proteins) identified and divided into 14 cytochrome P450 families, with the CYP5144 family having the most P450s ( 52 ), followed by the CYP512 ( 31 ), CYP5141 ( 14 ), CYP5037 ( 11 ), and CYP5035 ( 10 ) families. The remaining nine families all have no more than 10 members, accounting for about 16% in total.…”

“…The resolution of genomic information on wood-dwelling macrofungi will help to understand their life cycle, mating types, and nutritional models. To date, the genomes of several valuable medicinal (edible) fungi, including Ganoderma lucidum ( 25 , 26 ), Inonotus obliquus ( 27 ), Hericium erinaceus ( 28 ), Naematelia aurantialba ( 29 ), Antrodia camphorata ( 30 ), and Sanghuangporus sanghuang ( 31 ), have been deciphered, thereby further facilitating their medicinal utilization and industrial development. L. sulphureus is a wood-dwelling-type medical and edible fungus that has attracted much attention, although the genomes of its five subspecies ( 10 , 32 – 34 ) have been sequenced and used to analyze the lignocellulosic biomass degradation characteristics ( 10 , 33 ).…”

Whole Genome Sequencing and Annotation of Naematelia aurantialba (Basidiomycota, Edible-Medicinal Fungi)

“…After fermentation, the spore cells were collected by centrifugation at 8000× g for 5 min, and sterile water (three rinses) was used to remove the medium and metabolites attached to the spore cell surface. The sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) method was used to extract the genomic DNA, and agarose gel electrophoresis was performed to check its integrity [23].…”

“…The medicinally valuable sang'huang recorded in the ancient book of traditional Chinese medicine has previously been considered as Sanghuangporus baumii and Sanghuangporus vaninii; yet, Ying et al clarified its taxonomic status by comparative genomic analysis and named it sanghuangporus sangguang [22,23]. The golden needling mushroom in East Asia has been reported as Asian Flammulina velutipes or Flammulina velutipes var.…”

Whole-genome assembly and analysis of a medicinal fungus: Inonotus hispidus

“…In recent years, more studies have reported on the results of fungal genome sequencing. Genome-wide sequencing of fungi from Hymenochaetaceae has revealed their biological activity value ( Huo et al, 2020 ; Jiang et al, 2021 ). The genome sequencing results also provide a strong research basis for our understanding of fungal function and ingenuity.…”