The first isolation of Clostridium difficile RT078/ST11 from pigs in China

Zhang, Lijuan; Yang, Ling; Gu, Xianfeng; Chen, Pin-Xian; Fu, Jiali; Jiang, Hongxia

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212965

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…While these isolates showed high resistant rate to ERY (92.73%), followed by CLI (53.36) and CIP (27.2%). The C. difficile isolates from economic animals in our study showed relative high resistance rate to ERY than other countries (45.5-52.9%) [12,38]. In addition, the majority isolates resistant to ERY and CLI are RT126.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

“…However, such kind of study is quite limited in China, although there are many molecular studies of clinical C. difficile in China, even in the Asia-Pacific area [20,21]. Until now, there is only one report on C. difficile from pig, chicken and duck in China in 2019, but calf was not included [12]. Therefore, in this study, we determined to analyze the prevalence and genotypic characters of C. difficile from economic animals in China, including dairy calf, pig, sheep and chicken, which help to fully understand the situation of C. difficile from animals in China.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In China, until now, only one study focusing on C. difficile from animals has been published, however, in which calf was not included [12]. Here, we studied the prevalence, molecular characters and antibiotic resistance of C. difficile from calf, sheep, chicken, and pig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The molecular characters and antibiotic resistance of Clostridioides difficile from economic animals in China

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2020

BMC Microbiol

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Background: It has been performed worldwidely to explore the potential of animals that might be a reservoir for community associated human infections of Clostridioides difficile. Several genetically undistinguished PCR ribotypes of C. difficile from animals and human have been reported, illustrating potential transmission of C. difficile between them. Pig and calf were considered as the main origins of C. difficile with predominant RT078 and RT033, respectively. As more investigations involved, great diversity of molecular types from pig and calf were reported in Europe, North American and Australia. However, there were quite limited research on C. difficile isolates from meat animals in China, leading to non-comprehensive understanding of molecular epidemiology of C. difficile in China. Results: A total of 55 C. difficile were isolated from 953 animal stool samples, within which 51 strains were from newborn dairy calf less than 7 days in Shandong Province. These isolates were divided into 3 STs and 6 RTs, of which ST11/RT126 was predominant type, and responsible for majority antibiotic resistance isolates. All the isolates were resistant to at least one tested antibiotics, however, only two multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates were identified. Furthermore, erythromycin (ERY) and clindamycin (CLI) were the two main resistant antibiotics. None of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin (VAN), metronidazole (MTZ), tetracycline (TET), and rifampin (RIF). Conclusions: In this study, we analyzed the prevalence, molecular characters and antibiotic resistance of C. difficile from calf, sheep, chicken, and pig in China. Some unique features were found here: first, RT126 not RT078 were the dominant type from baby calf, and none isolates were got from pig; second, on the whole, isolates from animals display relative lower resistant rate to these 11 tested antibiotics, compared with isolates from human in China in our previous report. Our study helps to deep understanding the situation of C. difficile from economic animals in China, and to further study the potential transmission of C. difficile between meat animals and human.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The molecular characters and antibiotic resistance of Clostridioides difficile from economic animals in China

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2020

BMC Microbiol

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“…These 3 ribotypes have been the sole or predominant strains identified in studies of livestock in North America, Europe, and Asia. 4,6,9,17,56,66,67,69,78,98,115,128,137,141,148 Yet, although ribotype 078 predominates, a wide range of strains can be identified, including other strains found in humans with CDI. 6,8,97 As in some other animal species, the ribotype distribution is different in Australia, where ribotype 078 is rare to nonexistent and various strains can be found, including some unusual strains such as ribotype 237.…”

Section: Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridium(Clostridioides)difficilein animals

Weese

2020

J VET Diagn Invest

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Clostridium ( Clostridioides) difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that is an important cause of disease in people, a variably important cause of disease in some animal species, and an apparently harmless commensal in others. Regardless of whether it is a known pathogen in a particular species, it can also be found in healthy individuals, sometimes at high prevalences and typically with higher rates of carriage in young individuals. As it is investigated in more animal species, it is apparent that this bacterium is widely disseminated in a diverse range of domestic and wild animal species. Although it can be found in most species in which investigations have been performed, there are pronounced intra- and inter-species differences in prevalence and clinical relevance. A wide range of strains can be identified, some that appear to be animal associated and others that are found in humans and animals. A large percentage of strains that cause disease in people can at least sporadically be found in animals. It is a potentially important zoonotic pathogen, but there is limited direct evidence of animal–human transmission. Although C. difficile has been studied extensively over the past few decades, it remains an enigmatic organism in many ways.

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“…Consequently, in the conducted study, confirmation was done by Vitek-2 compact system with including a particular positive control reference strain of C. difficile (ATCC 9689) in each experiment. Other studies used Api 20A ( Kouassi et al, 2014 ), API Rapid ID 32A ( Troiano et al, 2015 ) or molecular ( Bakri, 2018 ; Romano et al, 2018 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ; Usui et al, 2020 ) tests to confirm C. difficile isolates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raw Animal Meats as Potential Sources of Clostridium difficile in Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia

Taha¹

2021

Food Sci Anim Resour

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Clostridium difficile present in feces of food animals may contaminate their meats and act as a potential source of C. difficile infection (CDI) to humans. C. difficile resistance to antibiotics, its production of toxins and spores play major roles in the pathogenesis of CDI. This is the first study to evaluate C. difficile prevalence in retail raw animal meats, its antibiotics susceptibilities and toxigenic activities in Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia. Totally, 240 meat samples were tested. C. difficile was identified by standard microbiological and biochemical methods. Vitek-2 compact system confirmed C. difficile isolates were 15/240 (6.3%). Toxins A/B were not detected by Xpect C. difficile toxin A/B tests. Although all isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and metronidazole, variable degrees of reduced susceptibilities to moxifloxacin, clindamycin or tetracycline antibiotics were detected by Epsilon tests. C. difficile strains with reduced susceptibility to antibiotics should be investigated. Variability between the worldwide reported C. difficile contamination levels could be due to absence of a gold standard procedure for its isolation. Establishment of a unified testing algorithm for C. difficile detection in food products is definitely essential to evaluate the inter-regional variation in its prevalence on national and international levels. Proper use of antimicrobials during animal husbandry is crucial to control the selective drug pressure on C. difficile strains associated with food animals. Investigating the protective or pathogenic potential of non-toxigenic C. difficile strains and the possibility of gene transfer from certain toxigenic/ antibiotics-resistant to non-toxigenic/antibiotics-sensitive strains, respectively, should be worthy of attention.

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The first isolation of Clostridium difficile RT078/ST11 from pigs in China

Cited by 20 publications

References 43 publications

The molecular characters and antibiotic resistance of Clostridioides difficile from economic animals in China

The molecular characters and antibiotic resistance of Clostridioides difficile from economic animals in China

Clostridium(Clostridioides)difficilein animals

Raw Animal Meats as Potential Sources of Clostridium difficile in Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia

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