“…In addition, BAFF sequences have been reported in different teleost fish species including zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) (21), mefugu ( Takifugu obscurus ) (22), Japanese sea perch ( Lateolabrax japonicus ) (23), grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) (24), yellow grouper ( Epinephelus awoara ) (25), miiuy croaker ( Miichthys miiuy ) (26), tongue sole ( Cynoglossus semilaevis ) (27), Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) (28), rock bream ( Oplegnathus fasciatus ) (29), and cartilaginous fish such as white-spotted catshark ( Chiloscyllium plagiosum ) (30), spiny dogfish ( Squalus acanthias ) (31), and small-spotted catshark ( Scyliorhinus canicula ) (32). Although recombinant BAFF proteins have been produced for some of these species (21–23, 25, 27–30), many of these studies have exclusively tested the effect of recombinant fish BAFF on B cell survival using mammalian B cells (21, 22, 25, 28, 30). Furthermore, those studies, which have concluded a capacity of BAFF to induce proliferation using teleost leukocytes, have not made a distinction between proliferation and survival as they have only determined increased numbers of leukocytes after BAFF treatment and have not clearly established that the cells showing increased survival or proliferating were in fact B cells (21–23, 27, 29).…”