The fertilizer release into water and soil as the biodegradation process in the sustainable material enhancing the fertilizer efficiency

Functionalized Cellulose Sheets with Fertilizers Applied as Multimodal Agricultural Supports for Seedling Cultivation

“…Regardless of the number of leaves, there was a slight increase with the addition of KH 2 PO 4 , but the results remained statistically similar. Other nutrients such as nitrogen (N) combined with wax emulsion may also have improved the seedlings' development because of high mobility of nitrate fertilizers in soil, 43 as also proposed for urea-loaded fiber@SiO 2 composite applied for rice crop development. 64…”

“…44,45 These studies have demonstrated the efficiency of fibers in promoting the proper release of nutrients for plant growth against the backdrop of high demand of fertilizers for global food production. 43,46 However, the literature has not explored in depth natural fibers engineered with a secondary green material, targeting large production of nontoxic materials obtained from the greener approach. 47 Natural fibers coated with emulsions could promote a slow release of nutrients and aid fast seedling development, solving cost and feasibility problems related to the long acclimatization time of some agricultural crops, such as pineapple.…”

“…The fiber structure has also been explored for water retention and controlled release of fertilizers, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), for better development of seeds and seedlings, thus generating plants with greater stem height and number and size of leaves. , From micro- to nanoscale fibrillar structure, it is possible to control nutrient release and water retention. , In addition to the fibrillar structure, the possibility of cellulose regeneration enhances the application of natural fibers in the controlled release of nutrients, as reported in the literature . In this way, the fibers are used to compose materials for agricultural applications such as mulch, , mats, − superabsorbents, , composites, − and papers. , These studies have demonstrated the efficiency of fibers in promoting the proper release of nutrients for plant growth against the backdrop of high demand of fertilizers for global food production. , …”

Production, Mechanisms, and Performance of Controlled-Release Fertilizers Encapsulated with Biodegradable-Based Coatings

“…These include composites of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and sugar cane bagasse; P(3HB)/wood flour composites; polylactic acid (PLA) blended with softwood kraft lignin; and PHB with different compatibilizers (e.g., Triton X-100, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, and sodium lauryl sulfate). 62,70,72,81 Moreover, in the case of biobased polymers, it is also important to consider specific aspects, such as reactivity, molar ratio between the constituents, and the addition of amendment components. For instance, in the reaction between bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and liquefied bagasse, an increase in the mass of the former increases the polymerization degree, which results in a more compact and uniform coating.…”

Development of Biodegradable PLA/PBAT-Based Filaments for Fertilizer Release for Agricultural Applications

“…Biodegradable polymers stand out among the materials used for the encapsulation or in the distribution of the active agent dispersed in it. The use of biodegradable polymer matrices, such as poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ], poly(lactic acid) (PLA) [ 14 ], starch [ 15 , 16 , 17 ], lignin [ 18 ], carboxymethyl cellulose [ 19 ] and chitosan [ 20 , 21 ], is doubly advantageous because during their microbial degradation, nutrients are released with greater control in the environment, minimizing losses and reducing the accumulation of residues in the soil in a sustainable way.…”