The Feeding Mechanism of Hessian Fly Larvae123

Refai, F. Y.; Miller, B. S.; Jones, Elmer T.; Wolfe, Jacques

doi:10.1093/jee/49.2.182

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The proteins secreted into host plants by pathogens or insects play a critical role in pathogen pathogenesis or insect virulence. This is particularly true for the Hessian fly because Hessian fly larvae live and feed between leaf‐sheaths within wheat plants and their survival requires not only living plants, but also wheat growth inhibition (Refai et al ., 1956). Five consecutive days of feeding of a single Hessian fly first instar larva on a susceptible cultivar can irreversibly stunt a wheat seedling (Byers & Gallun, 1971), suggesting that stunting is not due to direct feeding injuries, but rather to insect‐produced elicitors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A group of related cDNAs encoding secreted proteins from Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] salivary glands

Chen

Fellers

Stuart

et al. 2004

Insect Molecular Biology

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A group of cDNAs has been isolated and characterized from Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] salivary glands. Members in this group appear to encode proteins with secretion signal peptides at the N-terminals. The mature putative proteins are small, basic proteins with calculated molecular weights that ranged from 8.5 to 10 kDa, and isoelectric points from 9.92 to 10.90. Sequence analysis indicated a strong selection for mutations that generate amino acid changes within the coding region. Northern blot analysis revealed that these genes are expressed only in the first instar larvae, a critical stage that determines if the interaction between a specific Hessian fly biotype and a specific wheat cultivar is compatible. Genomic analysis demonstrated that multiple copies of similar genes are clustered within a short region on chromosome 2A. This is the same arm in which two avirulence genes have been mapped.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A group of related cDNAs encoding secreted proteins from Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] salivary glands

Chen

Fellers

Stuart

et al. 2004

Insect Molecular Biology

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“…The gall‐making larva gains access when the contents and wall of nutritive cells subsequently lyse. In the case of the Hessian fly, audio and film recordings demonstrated that the larva periodically brings its head to the leaf surface to suck up liquids (Refai et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hessian fly Avirulence gene loss‐of‐function defeats plant resistance without compromising the larva's ability to induce a gall tissue

Harris

Freeman

Anderson

et al. 2012

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Plant pathogen effectors encoded by Avirulence (Avr) genes benefit the pathogen by promoting colonization and benefit plants that have a matching resistance (R) gene by constituting a signal that triggers resistance. The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), resembles a plant pathogen in showing R/Avr interactions. Because of these interactions, a wheat plant with the H13 resistance gene can be resistant or susceptible depending on the genotype of the larva that attacks the plant, being resistant if attack comes from a larva with a functional vH13 gene, but susceptible if attack comes from a larva with a non‐functional vH13 gene. In this study we asked: does this susceptible interaction involving plants with H13 look like susceptible interactions with plants lacking H13? Possibly, the H13 plant attacked by a larva with a non‐functional vH13 is induced to partial rather than complete resistance. Or the larva, lacking its vH13‐encoded effector, is compromised in its ability to induce susceptibility, which includes forcing the plant to create a gall nutritive tissue. Responses of epidermal cells to larval attack were explored using imaging techniques (light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy). Whole‐organism responses were investigated by measuring the growth of plants and larvae. No evidence was found for partial resistance responses by H13 plants or for a compromise in the ability of vH13 loss‐of‐function larvae to induce susceptibility. It appears that disrupting vH13 function is sufficient for overcoming the induced resistance mediated by the H13 gene.

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“…First, it needs the plant to break down the walls of the epidermal and mesophyll cells found at attack sites (Harris et al , 2010. This delivers cell contents to the leaf surface, where the larva sits sucking up liquids (Refai et al 1956). Second, the larva needs the plant to create a novel cell type called a nutritive cell .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Reproductive Fitness Cost Associated With Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Virulence to Wheat's <I>H</I> Gene-Mediated Resistance

Zhang¹,

Anderson²,

Reber³

et al. 2011

jnl. econ. entom.

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We studied whether adaptation of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), to plant resistance incurs fitness costs. In this gene-for-gene interaction, adaptation to a single H resistance gene occurs via loss of a single effector encoded by an Avirulence gene. By losing the effector, the adapted larva now survives on the H gene plant, presumably because it evades the plant's H gene-mediated surveillance system. The problem is the Hessian fly larva needs its effectors for colonization. Thus, for adapted individuals, there may be a cost for losing the effector, with this then creating a trade-off between surviving on H-resistant plants and growing on plants that lack H genes. In two different tests, we used wheat lacking H genes to compare the survival and growth of a nonadapted strain to two H-adapted strains. The two adapted strains differed in that one had been selected for adaptation to H9, whereas the other strain had been selected for adaptation to H13. Tests showed that two H-adapted strains were similar to the nonadapted strain in egg-to-adult survival but that they differed in producing adults with smaller wings. By using known relationships between wing length and reproductive potential, we found that losses in wing length underestimate losses in reproductive potential. For example, H9- and H13-adapted females had 9 and 3% wing losses, respectively, but they were estimated to have 32 and 12% losses in egg production. Fitness costs of adaptation will be investigated further via selection experiments comparing Avirulence allele frequencies for Hessian fly populations exposed or not exposed to H genes.

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The Feeding Mechanism of Hessian Fly Larvae123

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

A group of related cDNAs encoding secreted proteins from Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] salivary glands

A group of related cDNAs encoding secreted proteins from Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] salivary glands

Hessian fly Avirulence gene loss‐of‐function defeats plant resistance without compromising the larva's ability to induce a gall tissue

A Reproductive Fitness Cost Associated With Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Virulence to Wheat's <I>H</I> Gene-Mediated Resistance

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