The fate of chlorine and chloramines in cooling towers Henry's law constants for flashoff

Chapter 2 Chemical hazards

“…The chloramines and bromamines, particularly nitrogen trichloride and nitrogen tribromide, which are both volatile (Holzwarth et al, 1984), can give rise to signifi cant eye and respiratory irritation in swimmers and pool attendants (Massin et al, 1998). In addition, nitrogen trichloride has an intense and unpleasant odour at concentrations in water as low as 0.02 mg/l (Kirk & Othmer, 1993).…”

Potential negative effects of chlorinated swimming pool attendance on health of swimmers and associated staff

“…The latter is the most irritating and generates a stronger odour [40], noticeable at concentrations as low as 0.02 mg/l [48].…”

“…Mean values recorded in France, Belgium and Germany swimming pools shifted between 0.2 and 0.9 mg/m 3 [40,60], chloramines thus being one of the most concentrated air pollutants (the rest of pollutants the population is exposed to hardly ever exceed 0.3 mg/m 3 ) [60].…”

“…These DBPs are responsible for the typical "swimming pool smell", eye and mucosa soreness and skin dryness [58]. These inorganic compounds are volatile and highly reactive [40]. The most abundant chloramines are monochloramine (NH 2 Cl), dichloramine (NHCL 2 ) and trichloramine (nitrogen trichloride, NCl 3 ).…”

Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-2007-0284 & 2007-0317-3155, evaluation of eye and respiratory symptoms at a poultry processing facility - Oklahoma.

“…Monochloramine and dichloramine are less volatile than trichloramine; monochloramine is released into the air about 300 times slower and dichloramine about three times slower than trichloramine Appendix B: oCCupAtionAl exposuRe limits And HeAltH effeCts (Continued) [Holzwarth 1984]. They tend to be more abundant in water than in air.…”