Potential negative effects of chlorinated swimming pool attendance on health of swimmers and associated staff

Zarzoso, Manuel; Llana, Salvador; Pérez-Soriano, Pedro

doi:10.5604/20831862.927465

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…To ensure the health of swimmers, chlorine-based disinfectants are used to effectively reduce the risk of bacterial and viral infection in swimming pool facilities. However, when chlorine reacts with organic compounds in the pool water (e.g., sweat, urine, soap residues, cosmetics, suntan oil, dirt, and other solid waste material), several volatile chemical compounds are produced in the form of trihalomethanes, chloramines, and haloacetic acids [ 56 ]. In turn, exposure to these chemical compounds can occur in swimmers via three direct avenues: (a) ingestion of pool water, (b) inhalation of airborne chlorine and chlorine analogs in the air space located immediately above the pool surface, and (c) direct skin contact with the pool water [ 57 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Posted requirements should be in place regarding pre-entry showers, bathroom breaks, suntan lotion, swim caps, goggles, etc. Encourage swimming pool maintenance staff to stay current on the latest information regarding the efficacy of potential substitute disinfectant methods such as electro-physical systems (electrolytic copper and electrolytic silver), ozone disinfection, and ultraviolet disinfection [ 56 ]. …”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Medical Care for Swimmers

et al. 2016

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Swimming is one of the most popular sports worldwide. Competitive swimming is one of the most watched sports during the Olympic Games. Swimming has unique medical challenges as a result of a variety of environmental and chemical exposures. Musculoskeletal overuse injuries, overtraining, respiratory problems, and dermatologic conditions are among the most common problems swimmers encounter. Although not unique to swimming, overtraining is a serious condition which can have significant negative impact on swimmers’ health and performance. This review article is an attempt to discuss various issues that a medical team should consider when caring for swimmers.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical Care for Swimmers

et al. 2016

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“…The most frequently used disinfection method is chlorination, which removes pathogens with chlorine or its derivatives, but the free chlorine reacts with organic matter (e.g. urine, saliva, and sweat) and forms a mixture of potentially harmful disinfectant by-products, including chloramines (Who, 2006;Zarzoso, Llana, & Pérez-Soriano, 2010). Chloramines contain the inorganic compounds monochloramine (NH 2 Cl), dichloramine (NHCl2) and trichloramine (NCl3).…”

Section: Factors Possibly Contributing To Respiratory Difficulties In Swimmersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory Health and Nutritional Strategy for Competitive Swimmers

Lee

2014

ajper

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. There is growing interest in the potentially harmful effects in swimming pools, and the potential for swimming-related health hazards, which is gaining importance in competitive swimmers. This review was focused to discuss the following topics: (1) prevalence of respiratory difficulties in swimmers; (2) the possible factors and mechanisms which lead to the development of airway disorders in elite swimmers; (3) diet and nutrient supplementation for the management and prevention of airway problems. Summaries were concluded in this review according to the current knowledge of the respiratory problems in swimmers: (1) a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms and respiratory diseases in the elite swimmer population; (2) the potentially harmful effects in airway epithelial damage and lung permeability may caused by exposure in cold air, chlorinated products in swimming pools, and high intensity training in swimmers. (3) Observational studies have reported associations between airway symptoms and nutritional intervention (i.e. polyunsaturated fatty acid, dietary antioxidants, and vitamin D), which may have application for promoting health and sports performance for swimmers. 運動選手(如游泳選手)發生呼吸系統疾病問題逐漸受到重視，本篇綜評旨在討論下列課題：(1)選手發生呼吸道疾病之發生率；(2)發生呼吸疾病之可能原因及機轉；(3)飲食與營養補充對減低呼吸疾病症狀之探討。統整相關文獻後，獲以下結語：(1)游泳選手發生呼吸道疾病之情形高於其他運動者(如：冬季運動項目、短跑與長跑等)；(2)長期處於含氯物質及其氯產物環境，對吸呼道黏膜及肺組織將有所傷，而冷空氣環境及高強度訓練模式，亦是增加游泳選手發生呼吸道不適症狀的影響因素；(3)多元不飽和脂肪酸、抗氧化物質及維生素D等營養素，在減低呼吸疾病臨床研究上證實有改善效益，對於呼吸道疾病發生率較高的游泳選手而言，應是不錯的飲食及營養補充介入不錯的選擇。

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“…The indicator of the DBP content in swimming pool water is combined chlorine [4,[14][15][16]. These two parameters (the content of free and combined chlorine) are the basic parameters of swimming pool water quality, determining the level of health-safe bathing [1,[17][18][19][20]. To ensure the health safety of swimmers, it is necessary to achieve a very good level of mixing water in a pool basin with treated water supplied with disinfectants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Free and Combined Chlorine Concentrations in Swimming Pool Water and an Attempt to Determine a Reliable Water Sampling Point

Wyczarska-Kokot

Lempart

Dudziak

2020

Water

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The analysis of free chlorine concentrations in swimming pool water makes it possible to assess the antiseptic effect of the disinfectant. The concentration of combined chlorine determines the comfort of swimming and indicates if there is a threat from DBP (disinfection by-products). The distribution of free and combined chlorine concentration was analyzed in four basins differing in seasonality of use and in the applied water flow systems. After considering the distribution of free and combined chlorine content in characteristic points of pools, an attempt was made to determine the most reliable point for assessing the quality of water and its suitability for swimming. Such searches should aim to identify the places with the worst water quality. The most uniform distribution of the concentrations of both free and combined chlorine was observed at the middle point of swimming pools, while at points near the corners and walls of swimming pools a varied distribution was observed. Such a control strategy, based on the least favorable test results at a point considered as characteristic, would make it possible to verify the parameters of the swimming pool water treatment system and thus minimize the risk to swimmers’ health.

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Potential negative effects of chlorinated swimming pool attendance on health of swimmers and associated staff

Cited by 12 publications

References 54 publications

Medical Care for Swimmers

Medical Care for Swimmers

Respiratory Health and Nutritional Strategy for Competitive Swimmers

Analysis of Free and Combined Chlorine Concentrations in Swimming Pool Water and an Attempt to Determine a Reliable Water Sampling Point

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