“…,Moreover, the circuit topography becomes increasingly severe as interconnect layers are added, imposing a practical limit of three levels of interconnection.if acceptable yield and reliability are to be obtained. resulting in reduced oxide lateral encroachment (2, 3), use of isolation trenches (4), the formation of devices on epitaxial layers of silicon (5,6) or sapphire (5), and the separation of transistors by amorphous insulators (SOI) (5,7,8). Some developments recently applied to the interconnect system include the use of a refractory silicide as a local interconnect (9) to reduce the number of contacts to silicon and increase packing density, improved schemes to contact the diffusion area (10), and the use of CVD tungsten to improve metal step coverage (11) and to fill contacts and vias selectively (12).…”