The F scale as a measure of breadth of perspective.

Kelman, Herbert C.; Barclay, Janet R.

doi:10.1037/h0048738

Cited by 61 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Others have offered somewhat deeper explanations for why a lack of education would be associated with intolerance. The most prevalent theory is that education provides a “breadth of perspective,” and that intolerance is most prominent among those who have little opportunity to broaden their worldviews (Kelman & Barclay, 1963). Consistent with this general notion, Chinoy (1967) argued that education leads people to appreciate “that each society, with its norms and values, is one of many, capable of change—in various directions—and is the product of man's efforts to come to terms with the world around him and with the needs of an ongoing social order.…”

Section: The Antidemocratic Personalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The “Antidemocratic Personality” Revisited: A Cross‐National Investigation of Working‐Class Authoritarianism

Napier

Jost

2008

Journal of Social Issues

163

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More than 60 years ago, psychologists identified a potential threat to democracy from within, namely the "antidemocratic personality" arising from the "authoritarian syndrome." It was soon discovered that the problem of authoritarianism was especially acute among those who were low in education and income, and that it was associated with intolerance toward others. However, several important questions were left unresolved. We revisit fundamental theoretical and empirical questions concerning the existence and nature of "working-class authoritarianism," focusing especially on four psychological aspects of authoritarianism, namely, conventionalism, moral absolutism, obedience to authority, and cynicism. In a cross-national investigation involving respondents from 19 democratic countries, we find that all four aspects of authoritarianism are indeed related to moral and ethnic intolerance. However, only obedience to authority and cynicism are especially prevalent among those who are low in socioeconomic status. Conventionalism and moral absolutism were significant predictors of economic conservatism, whereas obedience to authority and cynicism were not. We find no support for Lipset's (1960) claim that working-class authoritarianism would be associated with economic liberalism. Instead, we find that authoritarianism is linked to right-wing orientation in general and that intolerance mediates this relationship. Implications for electoral politics and political psychology are discussed.

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Section: The Antidemocratic Personalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The “Antidemocratic Personality” Revisited: A Cross‐National Investigation of Working‐Class Authoritarianism

Napier

Jost

2008

Journal of Social Issues

163

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“…Cognitively, authoritarianism is associated with rigidity, a tendency to think dogmatically in black and white terms, and intolerance of ambiguity (14). The authoritarian individual feels he is the sole possessor of the truth and people who disagree are bad and deserving of punishment.…”

Section: Authoritarianism and Family Functioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Associated with Engagement in Family Therapy

1974

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Thirty‐eight families who continued in conjoint family therapy were compared on a variety of antecedent variables to 13 families who dropped out. Three potentially important predictors of continuance in family therapy were found: (a) which spouse initiated the search for treatment; (b) the level of authoritarianism in the spouses; and (c) family socioeconomic status. Families that dropped out of treatment tended to be of lower socioeconomic status and contained spouses who had more highly authoritarian attitudes as measured by the California F Scale (1). Families that contained a severly disturbed member had a poor rate of engagement in treatment, but if both spouses in such a family were low in authoritarianism, the engagement rate was 100 per cent. When both spouses initiated the search for treatment, engagement was also nearly perfect. The difficulty in engaging families from the lowest socio‐economic class may be attributed partly to the authoritarian attitudes of the husband.

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“…The authoritarianism measure is used because compared to those with lower authoritarianism scores, individuals who score high on this measure have an orientation toward situations involving certainty (Rokeach, 1960), are more intolerant of ambiguity (Kirscht & Dillehay, 1967), and have less experience with uncertain situations (Kelman & Barclay, 1963). This measure consists of 21 items that are scored on 6-point scales, where higher scores on the scale represent higher authoritarianism.…”

Section: Personality Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minority Versus Majority Influence and Uncertainty Orientation: Processing Persuasive Messages on the Basis of Situational Expectancies

Shuper

Sorrentino

2004

The Journal of Social Psychology

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The authors examined the effects of uncertainty orientation on processing persuasive messages from minority sources versus majority sources. The authors gave participants a proattitudinal or counterattitudinal message that either a numerical majority or a numerical minority endorsed and that contained strong or weak arguments. In support of the hypothesis that was related to message scrutiny, uncertainty-oriented individuals engaged in greater message scrutiny when the Source-Position (i.e., minority/majority-pro/con) pairing was imbalanced (in majority-con, minority-pro conditions) than when it was balanced (in majority-pro, minority-con conditions). Certainty-oriented participants showed the opposite pattern, scrutinizing the message more when the situation was balanced than when the situation was imbalanced. Support for the hypothesis that was related to nonsystematic processing was less clear because the majority appeared to have played a greater role in accounting for the aforementioned interaction than did the minority. Additional analyses supported this interpretation. However, in all cases, individual differences in uncertainty orientation moderated strength and direction of information processing.

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The F scale as a measure of breadth of perspective.

Cited by 61 publications

References 18 publications

The “Antidemocratic Personality” Revisited: A Cross‐National Investigation of Working‐Class Authoritarianism

The “Antidemocratic Personality” Revisited: A Cross‐National Investigation of Working‐Class Authoritarianism

Factors Associated with Engagement in Family Therapy

Minority Versus Majority Influence and Uncertainty Orientation: Processing Persuasive Messages on the Basis of Situational Expectancies

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