The eye of the red‐eared slider turtle: morphologic observations and reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests

Somma, André Tavares; Lima, Leandro; Lange, Rogério Ribas; Giannico, Amália Turner; Montiani‐Ferreira, Fabiano

doi:10.1111/vop.12213

Cited by 19 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Bacillus spp. are commonly isolated in reptiles (Somma et al 2015) and in dogs (Meekins et al 2015b). Although there was a higher prevalence of Gram-positives, corroborating the findings of Bayón et al (2007), Escherichia coli accounted for 6.1% of the observed bacterial flora, higher than usually described but as frequently as bacteria isolated from the eyes of owls (Asio clamator) (Rodarte-Almeida et al 2013) and flamingos (Meekins et al 2015a).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

et al. 2017

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The aim of this study was to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in healthy blue-and-yellow macaws. We investigated a total of 35 adult macaws (70 eyes) of undetermined sex and with an average weight of 1 kg, who were living in captivity in the Federal District, Brazil. Tear production using the Schirmer tear test (STT), normal conjunctival flora, intraocular pressure (IOP) using a rebound tonometer and horizontal palpebral fissure length (HPFL) were evaluated. In this study, 84.1% of samples were positive for microbial growth. Bacteria, fungi and yeasts were isolated, and Staphylococcus spp. (21.9%) and Bacillus spp. (26.8%) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms. The mean value for STT was 7.6±4.6mm/min in the right eye (OD) and 6.6±4.4mm/min in the left eye (OS) (median = 7,11±0,76mm/min). Mean IOP was 11.4±2.5mm Hg OD and 11.6±1.8mm Hg OS (median = 11.49±0.22mm Hg), prior to anesthesia, and 7.6±2.4mm Hg OD and 7.8±1.8mm Hg OS (median 7.71±0.08mmHg) after anesthesia. The IOP was significantly lower when the animals were under anesthesia as compared to when they were conscious (p≤0.05). Horizontal palpebral fissure length was 11.7±0.1mm OD and 11.8±0.1mm OS (median = 11.72±0.07mm). The STT showed a positive correlation with palpebral fissure measurement for this species. These selected ophthalmic reference values will be particularly useful in diagnosing pathological changes in the eyes of blue-and-yellow macaws.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

et al. 2017

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“…Normal conjunctival flora has been described in chelonians such as turtles and tortoises . Previous studies in sea turtles have reported conjunctival bacterial flora in sick animals .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Culture of the microorganisms was performed using Petri dishes with 6% sheep blood agar, eosin methylene blue agar, and tryptose broth. Dishes were incubated at 37°C in an aerobic environment for 24‐48 hours for identification of the mesophilic bacteria (growth range between 25‐40°C) . After growth, the colonies were identified based on the presence or absence of hemolysis on blood agar, and morphological and biochemical characteristics according to routine laboratory techniques (catalase test, oxidation‐fermentation test, coagulase test, oxidase test, methyl red test, motility test, triple sugar iron, indole production, Simmons citrate agar, urease, malonate, and carbohydrate fermentation: glucose, sucrose, lactose, mannitol, adonitol, arabinose, and dulcitol) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjunctival bacterial flora and antimicrobial susceptibility of captive and free‐living sea turtles in Brazil

Cardoso-Brito

Raposo

Pires

et al. 2018

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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“…Given the difficulties described for the use of the STT strip (Willis & Wilkie 1999, Müller et al 2010, Beckwith--Cohen et al 2015 or even mSTT strip (Williams 2012, Kern & Colitz 2013, Somma et al 2015, Meekins et al 2015, some authors suggest the use of the phenol red test (Willis & Wilkie 1999, Kern & Colitz 2013, Beckwith-Cohen et al 2015. Although this test is well tolerated by birds (Bliss et al 2015), low reproducibility has been reported in large Psitacciformes (Holt et al 2006), and better PRT reproducibility on A. ventralis (Storey et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)

et al. 2017

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RESUMO.-[Teste lacrimal deSchirmer modificado e tonometria de rebote em papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva).] O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado (TLSm), a pressão intraocular (PIO) pela tonometria de rebote e o comprimento da fissura palpebral (FP) do papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva). Foram avaliados 35 papagaios adultos e saudáveis, provenientes de um Criadouro Conservacionista do Brasil. Após avaliação clínica e laboratorial, as aves foram fisicamente contidas para aferição, em ambos os olhos, do TLSm, da PIO pela tonometria de rebote e do comprimento da FP utilizando-se um paquímetro digital. Valor médio do TLSm foi 6.2±0.1mm/min e da PIO foi 6.4±0.1 mmHg, enquanto a aferição da FP foi 10.1±0.1mm. Uma correlação moderada foi observada entre TLSm e a FP para olho direito (OD) (ρ=0.14) e olho esquerdo (OE) (ρ=0.20). Os resultados podem servir como valores de referência para testes oftálmi-cos para A. aestiva. TERMOS DE INDEXAÇÃO:Teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado, tonometria de rebote, papagaio-verdadeiro, Amazona aestiva, aves, produção lacrimal, pressão intraocular, comprimento da fissura palpebral, animais silvestres. INTRODUCTIONThe blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) measures 35-37cm in length and weighs approximately 400 g, reaching sexual maturity of age at five years. Individuals of this species have a predominant green color, yellow head with blue forehead, and black feet and beak (Forshaw 2010). Because of their vocalization skills similar to speech and interaction with humans, it is bred as a pet (Godoy 2007). Birds are considered animals with great visual acuity, which are important factors for breeding, feeding and flight (Hart 2002, Reuter et al. 2011, Williams 2012, Rauscher et al. 2013). The ophthalmic reference values used for the mSTT and rebound tonometry in these animals lack inter-and intraspecies information.Due to the lack of specific data for A. aestiva, we aimed establish normal parameters for modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and palpebral fissure length (PFL). Also, to verify any correlation among mSTT and PFL. Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) The aim of this study was to describe the modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP) by rebound tonometry and palpebral fissure length (PFL) in blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Thirty-five healthy adult animals from a conservation breeding center in Brazil were used in this study. Modified Schirmer tear test, rebound tonometry and PFL measurements were performed in both eyes, with birds under physical restraint. Mean mSTT was 6.2±0.1mm/min and mean IOP was 6.4±0.1mmHg, while PFL was 10.1±0.1mm. A moderate correlation was seen between mSTT and PFL for OD (ρ=0.14) and OS (ρ=0.20). The results provide ophthalmic tests reference values for A. aestiva.

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The eye of the red‐eared slider turtle: morphologic observations and reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests

Cited by 19 publications

References 47 publications

Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

Conjunctival bacterial flora and antimicrobial susceptibility of captive and free‐living sea turtles in Brazil

Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)

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