The extraction of ions from muscle by water and sugar solutions with a study of the degree of exchange with tracer of the sodium and potassium in the extracts

Harris, Emma; Steinbach, H. Burr

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1956.sp005594

Cited by 107 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…39-2 R. D. KEYNES AND R. C. SWAN There is undoubtedly some 'bound' sodium in muscle, as has been demonstrated by Harris & Steinbach (1956); but they were mainly concerned with Na apparently in the connective tissue, held so firmly that under the conditions of our experiments it would never have exchanged to any appreciable extent with the "Na in the first place. In any case, while the presence of a sodiumcomplexing agent inside the fibres could lead to the relationship shown in Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…In all our measurements, radioactivity lost during the first 25 min after removing the muscles from the labelling solution was ignored; this would presumably include any 'special region' Na, exchanging more slowly than extracellular Na, but faster than fibre Na proper. However, it only seems necessary to allocate about 2 m-mole/kg under this heading, since the work of Harris & Steinbach (1956) suggests that of the final 3 9 m-mole/kg nearly 2 m-mole/kg is probably situated in the connective tissue and is so tightly bound that it only exchanges very slowly with 24Na.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of external sodium concentration on the sodium fluxes in frog skeletal muscle

Keynes¹,

Swan²

1959

The Journal of Physiology

225

174

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Ussing (1949) suggested that part of the observed Na efflux in frog muscle might result from a process that he termed 'exchange diffusion', involving a sodium for sodium exchange across the membrane. Thus, if a carrier with a high affinity for Na were confined to the membrane and able to diffuse across it only when it had formed a complex with Na, there would be a continual movement of labelled Na through the membrane without necessarily any simultaneous consumption of energy. If such a mechanism existed, complete removal of Na from the outside of the membrane might be expected to eliminate a substantial fraction of the total efflux of labelled Na, unless the cation substituted for Na+ could also form a complex with the carrier and thus move across the membrane. We therefore investigated the effect on the Na efflux of substituting choline or lithium for the sodium in the external medium, and found that in both cases the efflux was promptly reduced by about half when the sodium in the interfibre fluid was replaced by the foreign cation. This observation clearly warranted further analysis, and the changes in Na efflux were examined for test muscles with altered internal Na concentrations, and at various temperatures. The effect of partial replacement of external Na was also investigated and the resulting changes in Na efflux were compared with the parallel alterations in Na influx. The effect of removing external Na was found to add to that of removing external K, and the relative magnitude of the two effects was studied as a function of the Na content of the muscles.A preliminary report on this work was made at the XX International Physiological Congress (Swan & Keynes, 1956). METHODSMeasurements of sodium fluxes For measurement of effluxes, frog muscles were dissected free and exposed to Ringer's solution containing 4Na for about 3-5 hr. This period was calculated as sufficient for the specific activity of

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of external sodium concentration on the sodium fluxes in frog skeletal muscle

Keynes¹,

Swan²

1959

The Journal of Physiology

225

174

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“…Tracer in the tissue was finally extracted in hot water, the extract being used for assay of radioactivity and for analysis. This procedure avoids the inclusion in the analysis of part of the inexchangeable Na which is probably associated with connective tissue (Harris & Steinbach, 1956). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mechanism could also conceivably lead to release of the cations along with fragments of the adsorbing groups under special conditions. For example: Na is as readily lost from a fresh muscle to sugar or to water as to a saline solution (Harris & Steinbach, 1956), although in the first two media phosphate groups are released with the cation, while in the last there is an exchange of cation with little accompanying anion release. A possible source of anionic groups is the phosphate combined in the muscle tissue.…”

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confidence: 99%

Factors influencing the sodium movement in frog muscle with a discussion of the mechanism of sodium movement

Edwards¹,

Harris²

1957

The Journal of Physiology

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Cation exchange between frog muscle and the surrounding medium goes on continually; under suitable conditions all of the K and most of the Na can be replaced with tracer ions. The idea that ion movement takes place in three steps, the first being equilibration of the extracellular space, with which this paper is not concerned, followed by movements (a) between extracellular fluid and a surface depot, and (b) between surface depot and the cell interior, has been proposed to explain the faster and slower components seen in tracer

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“…The diffusion factor is then about 1-3, and this might not be detected by the slicing methods used above. Harris & Steinbach (1956) sectioned muscles into three longitudinal slices after uptake of 42K for various times and were unable to detect differences in specific activity between the inner third and the outer portions.…”

Section: R Creesementioning

confidence: 99%

Potassium in different layers of isolated diaphragm

Creese¹

1960

The Journal of Physiology

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The extraction of ions from muscle by water and sugar solutions with a study of the degree of exchange with tracer of the sodium and potassium in the extracts

Cited by 107 publications

References 11 publications

The effect of external sodium concentration on the sodium fluxes in frog skeletal muscle

The effect of external sodium concentration on the sodium fluxes in frog skeletal muscle

Factors influencing the sodium movement in frog muscle with a discussion of the mechanism of sodium movement

Potassium in different layers of isolated diaphragm

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