The external validity of eyewitness identification research: Generalizing across subject populations.

O'Rourke, Thomas E.; Penrod, Steven D.; Cutler, Brian L.; Stuve, Thomas E.

doi:10.1007/bf01056410

Cited by 82 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Cutler et al (1987aCutler et al ( , 1987b and Cutler and Penrod (1988) included target-present and target-absent lineups, and although disguise significantly influenced accuracy, they did not report accuracy for target-present and -absent lineups separately. O'Rourke, Penrod, Cutler, and Stuve (1989) and Yarmey (2004) included target-absent lineups but found no effect of dis- guise on either target-present or target-absent lineups. One might expect disguise to lead to higher accuracy on target-absent lineups because the presence of the disguise would be a salient cue that the witness' memory may not be very detailed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

Impact of disguise on identification decisions and confidence with simultaneous and sequential lineups.

Mansour

Beaudry

Bertrand

et al. 2012

Law and Human Behavior

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Prior research indicates that disguise negatively affects lineup identifications, but the mechanisms by which disguise works have not been explored, and different disguises have not been compared. In two experiments (Ns ϭ 87 and 91) we manipulated degree of coverage by two different types of disguise: a stocking mask or sunglasses and toque (i.e., knitted hat). Participants viewed mock-crime videos followed by simultaneous or sequential lineups. Disguise and lineup type did not interact. In support of the view that disguise prevents encoding, identification accuracy generally decreased with degree of disguise. For the stocking disguise, however, full and 2/3 coverage led to approximately the same rate of correct identifications-which suggests that disrupting encoding of specific features may be as detrimental as disrupting a whole face. Accuracy was most affected by sunglasses and we discuss the role metacognitions may have played. Lineup selections decreased more slowly than accuracy as coverage by disguise increased, indicating witnesses are insensitive to the effect of encoding conditions on accuracy. We also explored the impact of disguise and lineup type on witnesses' confidence in their lineup decisions, though the results were not straightforward.

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confidence: 92%

Impact of disguise on identification decisions and confidence with simultaneous and sequential lineups.

Mansour

Beaudry

Bertrand

et al. 2012

Law and Human Behavior

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“…It also is predicted by the hypotheses of age differences in making fine discriminations (lineup foils are chosen to be similar to the target), as well as the hypothesis of a visuospatial memory deficit (faces clearly qualify as visuospatial stimuli). It was not, however, a foregone conclusion, because the few prior studies addressed to the issue have been inconsistent in their findings (Adams-Price, 1992; O'Rourke, Penrod, Cutler, & Stuve, 1989;Scogin, Calhoon, & D'Errico, 1994;Yarmey, 1996;Yarmey & Kent, 1980;Yarmey & Rashid, 1981, cited in Yarmey, 1984. Our aim was to obtain more definitive data on this important issue.…”

Section: Experiments 1 Age-related Deficits In Lineup Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age differences in accuracy and choosing in eyewitness identification and face recognition

1999

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and AMINAMEMON University ofSouthampton, Southampton, EnglandStudies of aging and face recognition show age-related increases in false recognitions of new faces. Toexplore implications of this false alarm effect, we had young and senior adults perform (1) three eyewitness identification tasks, using both target present and target absent lineups, and (2) an old/new recognition task in which a study list of faces was followed by a test including old and new faces, along with conjunctions of old faces. Compared with the young, seniors had lower accuracy and higher choosing rates on the lineups, and they also falsely recognized more new faces on the recognition test. However, after screening for perceptual processing deficits, there was no age difference in false recognition of conjunctions, or in discriminating old faces from conjunctions. We conclude that the false alarm effect generalizes to lineup identification, but does not extend to conjunction faces. The findings are consistent with age-related deficits in recollection of context and relative age invariance in perceptual integrative processes underlying the experience of familiarity.

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“…Though their weapon focus manipulation was confounded, Johnson and Scott (1976) were the first to find evidence suggestive of a negative effect of weapon focus on face recognition. Several more recent experiments have yielded more clear-cut confirmation of this negative effect (Cutler et al, 1987a;Loftus, Loftus and Messo, 1987;Maass and Kohnken, 1987;O'Rourke, Penrod, Cutler and Stuve, 1989;Tooley, Brigham, Maass and Bothwell, 1987). It should be noted that only the Johnson and Scott, and Maass and Kohnken, studies involved memory testing of witnesses who had weapon-like objects pointed at them.…”

Section: Opportunity To Observementioning

confidence: 99%

A Maturing of Research on the Behaviour of Eyewitnesses

Deffenbacher

1991

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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More than a decade of sustained, vigorous research has resulted in an applied cognitive psychology of eyewitness behaviour that is a rapidly maturing body of knowledge. Several developments now would permit police forces to increase the sensitivity, reliability, and fairness of eyewitness memory retrieval. The juror's task of estimating the effects of certain variables on the accuracy of eyewitness report can now be a much more informed one, the relevant research literature now being relatively clear and consistent. Across studies the effect size of a number of these variables is moderate or greater. Equally important has been the consistent failure to document several results that would be predicted from the common-sense intuition of juror and jurist alike. (1983) published a controversial article in the American Psychologist entitled 'Eyewitness identification: what can a psychologist tell a jury?' Their implicit answer was 'not much'. They did state, a year later, however, that they 'would like nothing better than to be able to rewrite that article in 10 years with the answer being "a lot" ' McCloskey, 1984, p. 1069). Several years ago, McCloskey and EgethThough 10 years have not passed since the publication of their article, I should like to suggest that apsychologist can now tell police quite a bit, as well. The reliability and consistency of much of this exportable knowledge is respectably high. In a number of instances where the existence of a phenomenon has been demonstrated, the effect size (Cohen, 1977) of a result across studies is moderate (d = S O ) or greater. In several other instances where a meta-analysis has not been performed so as to allow an estimate of the effect size of a variable impacting eyewitness behaviour, the effect has at least been consistently obtained across studies with little in the way of null results having been reported. The consistency of failure to document several phenomena has also been impressive.To facilitate exposition I will use Wells's (1978) system variable/estimator variable dichotomy as an organizational framework. System variables are, of course, those over which the criminal justice systems has control, while estimator variables have to do with parameters connected with the particular criminal incident and individuals involved, and can only be estimated post hoc. I will discuss system variables as they impact on the encoding, storing, and retrieving of eyewitness memories. The emphasis on memory operations seems entirely appropriate in this instance, inasmuch as actions taken or not taken by the criminal justice system have very demonstrable impacts at each of these stages of memory trace processing.Though in some cases estimator variables likewise have been shown to have rather

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The external validity of eyewitness identification research: Generalizing across subject populations.

Cited by 82 publications

References 28 publications

Impact of disguise on identification decisions and confidence with simultaneous and sequential lineups.

Impact of disguise on identification decisions and confidence with simultaneous and sequential lineups.

Age differences in accuracy and choosing in eyewitness identification and face recognition

A Maturing of Research on the Behaviour of Eyewitnesses

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