The experimenter effect.

Kintz, B. L.; Delprato, Dennis J.; Mettee, David R.; Persons, Carol E.; Schappe, Robert H.

doi:10.1037/h0021718

Cited by 109 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Calculation errors made by a scientist tend to favor the scientist's hypothesis (see [14], [25]). The reactions of the subjects may be affected by the experimenter's bias (see [15], [25]). Sometimes the bias is so strong that it leads to cheating, as is the well-known cases of Isaac Newton in the physical sciences [33], Cyril Burt in psychology [27], and William Summerlin in biology [8], [9].…”

Section: Empirical Evidence On Advocacy and Its Alternativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advocacy and Objectivity in Science

Armstrong

1979

Management Science

120

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Three strategies for scientific research in management are examined: advocacy, induction, and multiple hypotheses. Advocacy of a single dominant hypothesis is efficient, but biased. Induction is not biased, but it is inefficient. The multiple hypotheses strategy seems to be both efficient and unbiased. Despite its apparent lack of objectivity, most management scientists use advocacy. For example, 2/3 of the papers published in a sampling of issues of Management Science used advocacy. A review of the published empirical evidence indicates that advocacy reduces tire objectivity of the scientists. No evidence was found to suggest that this lack of objectivity could be overcome by a "marketplace for ideas" (i.e., publication for peer review). It is recommended that tire method of multiple hypotheses be used.

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Section: Empirical Evidence On Advocacy and Its Alternativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advocacy and Objectivity in Science

Armstrong

1979

Management Science

120

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“…Scores on attitude tests often show a bias toward the more socially acceptable position because test takers, whether to conceal their prejudices or in denial of them (Lalwani, Shavitt, & Johnson, 2006;Nederhof, 1985), soften their responses such that prejudice that exists in actuality goes unmeasured. The tradition of explaining the effect of experimenter characteristics in terms of social desirability by asserting that participants purposely alter their test results in response to their perceptions of the experimenter has a long history (Kállai, Barke, & Voss, 2004;Kintz, Delprato, Mettee, Persons, & Schappe, 1965;Nederhof, 1985;Riemer & Shavitt, 2011;Silverman, 1974). For example, Kállai et al (2004) found an increase in participants' self-reported pain tolerance when tested by an experimenter of the opposite sex, and interpreted this as evidence that participants intentionally misrepresented their pain tolerance to impress the experimenter.…”

Section: Psi Chi Journal Of Psychological Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Religious Priming on Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men

Gilad¹,

Степанова²

2015

PsiChiJournal

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of encouraging, stim u lat ing, and maintaining ex cel lence in schol ar ship, and advancing the sci ence of psy chol ogy. Mem ber ship is open to gradu ate and under gradu ate students mak ing the study of psy chol ogy one of their major interests and who meet Psi Chi's min i mum qual i fi ca tions. Psi Chi is a member of the As so cia tion of Col lege Honor So ci et ies (ACHS), and is an affiliate of the Ameri can Psy cho logi cal As so cia tion (APA) and the Association for Psy cho log i cal Science (APS). Psi Chi's sister honor society is Psi Beta, the na tion al honor society in psychology for com mu nity and junior colleges.Psi Chi functions as a federation of chap ters located at over 1,100 senior col leg es and universities around the world. The Psi Chi Central Office is lo cat ed in Chatta nooga, Ten nessee. A Board of Directors, com posed of psy chol o gy faculty who are Psi Chi members and who are elect ed by the chapters, guides the affairs of the Or ga ni za tion and sets pol i cy with the ap prov al of the chap ters.Psi Chi serves two major goals. The first of these is the Society's ob li ga tion to pro vide ac a dem ic rec og ni tion to its in duc tees by the mere fact of mem ber ship. The sec ond is the opportunity of each of the Society's local chapters to nourish and stim u late the pro fes sion al growth of all members through fellowship and activities de signed to augment and en hance the reg u lar cur ric u lum. In addition, the Or ga ni za tion provides programs to help achieve these goals including con ven tions, research awards and grants competitions, and publication opportunities. JOURNAL PURPOSE STATEMENTThe twofold purpose of the Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research is to foster and reward the scholarly efforts of psychology students as well as to provide them with a valuable learning T he debate over antigay perspectives has become increasingly divisive in today's society, and many questions have arisen regarding the underlying factors that lead to the development of negative attitudes toward gay people. Previous research has found that religion can serve as a significant predictor of attitudes toward lesbians and gay men (Adamczyk & Pitt, 2009; Rowatt, LaBouff, Johnson, Froese, & Tsang, 2009; Whitley, 2009). Allport and Ross (1967) described the grand paradox of religion, stating that the inner experience of religion both makes for prejudice as well as unmakes prejudice (p. 435). On the one hand, prejudice and bigotry increase because religious groups have a limited composition in terms of class and ethnic membership and pressure toward conformity and involvement in intergroup competition. On the other hand, many religious texts such as those in Judaism and Christianity emphasize teachings of equality, brotherhood, and compassion (Tsang & Rowatt, 2007). Such contradictory messages from religion render the issue of attitudes toward lesbians and gay men more complex. The present study aimed to examine the effects of exposure to religious messages on self-reported attitudes ...

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“…Firstly there are those which deal with situational and experimental factors which affect dream content and are thought to be germane to the laboratory. The experimenter can be seen to interact with treatment on the basis of such factors as: personality, experience and sex gender (Kintz et al, 1965). Moreover the experimenter is susceptible to bias in that he may contaminate data by the expectancies he entertains as to the outcome of the experiment (Rosenthal, 1965) or by information accrued in early data returns (Rosenthal, et al, 1963).…”

Section: Rem Dreams and 'Home' Dreamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover the experimenter is susceptible to bias in that he may contaminate data by the expectancies he entertains as to the outcome of the experiment (Rosenthal, 1965) or by information accrued in early data returns (Rosenthal, et al, 1963). As Kintz et al (1965) (Rosenthal, 1966).…”

Section: Rem Dreams and 'Home' Dreamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A methodological study of the effect of experimentally induced demand characteristics in research on nocturnal dreams.

Stern¹,

Saayman²,

Touyz³

1978

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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This experiment tested the hypothesis that demand characteristics may influence dream content. Laboratory and home dreams were collected from 12 subjects allocated to two matched groups. The independent variable, a simple form, was administered to each group and requested that the subjects in the respective groups pay special attention to either the outdoor-nature or urban settings of their nocturnal dreams. The subjects did not consciously construe these forms as representing an attempt to influence their dreams. Nevertheless, in the treatment condition, the dream settings of both groups changed significantly in the predicted direction, as assessed by two quantitative indices. The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to laboratory dream research.

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The experimenter effect.

Cited by 109 publications

References 39 publications

Advocacy and Objectivity in Science

Advocacy and Objectivity in Science

The Effect of Religious Priming on Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men

A methodological study of the effect of experimentally induced demand characteristics in research on nocturnal dreams.

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