The Expected Value of Control: An Integrative Theory of Anterior Cingulate Cortex Function

Shenhav, Amitai; Botvinick, Matthew; Cohen, Jonathan D.

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.007

Cited by 1,767 publications

(2,017 citation statements)

References 252 publications

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“…Consistent with our hypothesis, this increased neural activation occurred within the dACC. Activation in the dACC is noteworthy because the dACC is implicated in cognitive-emotional control, is activated in response to challenging tasks and negative emotional situations, and determines the degree of control recruited (Gasquoine, 2013;Shenhav et al, 2013;Shackman et al, 2011). We also conceptually replicated prior research showing heightened amygdala activation to negative emotional stimuli in people with the MAOA-L genotype.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

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A Functional Polymorphism of the MAOA Gene Is Associated with Neural Responses to Induced Anger Control

Denson

Dobson‐Stone

Ronay³

et al. 2014

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Abstract■ Aggressiveness is highly heritable. Recent experimental work has linked individual differences in a functional polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase-A gene (MAOA) to anger-driven aggression. Other work has implicated the dorsal ACC (dACC) in cognitive-emotional control and the amygdala in emotional arousal. The present imaging genetics study investigated dACC and amygdala reactivity to induced anger control as a function of MAOA genotype. A research assistant asked 38 healthy male undergraduates to control their anger in response to an insult by a rude experimenter. Men with the low-expression allele showed increased dACC and amygdala activation after the insult, but men with the high-expression allele did not. Both dACC and amygdala activation independently mediated the relationship between MAOA genotype and self-reported anger control. Moreover, following the insult, men with the high-functioning allele showed functional decoupling between the amygdala and dACC, but men with the low-functioning allele did not. These results suggest that heightened dACC and amygdala activation and their connectivity are neuroaffective mechanisms underlying anger control in participants with the low-functioning allele of the MAOA gene. ■

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Moreover, a recent theoretical integration of the functions of the dACC suggests that a major role of the dACC is to determine how much control to allocate (Shenhav, Botvinick, & Cohen, 2013). Thus, people with the MAOA-L genotype may require increased recruitment of the dACC to effectively regulate anger.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Functional Polymorphism of the MAOA Gene Is Associated with Neural Responses to Induced Anger Control

Denson

Dobson‐Stone

Ronay³

et al. 2014

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…It is what your brain looks like on fear, it is a functional magnetic resonance imaging of fearful versus neutral faces, and it has been basic findings that have been replicated across the world [17]. The amygdala is hyperactivated when a fearful stimulus has occurred and what we find and it is worked by immediate stimulus across post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [35]. Social anxiety disorder specific phobias; the amygdala is hyperactivated and hypersensitive.…”

Section: Amygdala Acquisition With Limbic Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain and Behavior – Hypothalamus and Limbic System: The Neurobiology of Emotions

Daisy

2017

Asian J Pharm Clin Res

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It is intuitive to understand how sensory information gets to the brain and how motor information can travel to the muscles together where these two systems allow us to detect and respond to the world around us but how do we engage with that world, how do we determine what is important, and how do we fall in the analysis. These higher cortical functions involve the complex interplay between neurotransmitters and hormones throughout the entire nervous system. There are two major anatomical behaviors; the limbic system and hypothalamus. These structures that support much higher cortical functions hypothalamus is a very small structure but it is absolutely critical for life and it allows us to respond to both the internal and external environment and to maintain homeostasis. The limbic system is important for learning and memory, and all emotional aspects of behavior importantly limbic and hypothalamic structures are interconnected with each other. Let's begin with an anatomical overview of the hypothalamus in the middle section. You can delineate the hypothalamus from the thalamus through the hypothalamic sulcus anteriorly, the hypothalamus extends to the anterior commissure, and the optic chiasm inferiorly and it includes the mammillary bodies and extends to the infundibula stock where it communicates with the pituitary glands. It is a coronal section through the brain. It is the third ventricle, you can identify the thalamus on either side of the third ventricle and underneath; the thalamus is the hypothalamus and it extends laterally to these descending fiber bundles which are part of the internal capsule. The hypothalamus is structurally part of the diencephalon but it functions as part of the limbic system through reciprocal connections. It helps to maintain homeostasis in the entire body through influences on the endocrine system and importantly through its primary influence on both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems; the limbic system is extremely old from an evolutionary perspective in its connections and it is interposed between the hypothalamus and the neocortex and providing a bridge between endocrine visceral emotional and voluntary responses to the environment.

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“…Both self-referential and other-regarding processes are likely to be engaged in the social comparison. Additionally, the dACC may reflect the cognitive conflict between the positive self-concept and the mismatching external feedback [Takahashi et al, 2009], considering the important role of the dACC in monitoring and evaluating cognitive conflict [Botvinick et al, 2004;Shenhav et al, 2013Shenhav et al, , 2016. There is also the possibility that the dACC acts as a cognitive control region to regulate the conflict [Egner, 2009].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social comparison in the brain: A coordinate‐based meta‐analysis of functional brain imaging studies on the downward and upward comparisons

Luo

Eickhoff

Hétu

et al. 2017

Human Brain Mapping

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Social comparison is ubiquitous across human societies with dramatic influence on people's well-being and decision making. Downward comparison (comparing to worse-off others) and upward comparison (comparing to better-off others) constitute two types of social comparisons that produce different neuropsychological consequences. Based on studies exploring neural signatures associated with downward and upward comparisons, the current study utilized a coordinate-based meta-analysis to provide a refinement of understanding about the underlying neural architecture of social comparison. We identified consistent involvement of the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in downward comparison and consistent involvement of the anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in upward comparison. These findings fit well with the "common-currency" hypothesis that neural representations of social gain or loss resemble those for non-social reward or loss processing. Accordingly, we discussed our findings in the framework of general reinforcement learning (RL) hypothesis, arguing how social gain/loss induced by social comparisons could be encoded by the brain as a domain-general signal (i.e., prediction errors) serving to adjust people's decisions in social settings. Although the RL account may serve as a heuristic framework for the future research, other plausible accounts on the neuropsychological mechanism of social comparison were also acknowledged. Hum Brain Mapp 39:440-458, 2018.V C 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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The Expected Value of Control: An Integrative Theory of Anterior Cingulate Cortex Function

Cited by 1,767 publications

References 252 publications

A Functional Polymorphism of the MAOA Gene Is Associated with Neural Responses to Induced Anger Control

A Functional Polymorphism of the MAOA Gene Is Associated with Neural Responses to Induced Anger Control

Brain and Behavior – Hypothalamus and Limbic System: The Neurobiology of Emotions

Social comparison in the brain: A coordinate‐based meta‐analysis of functional brain imaging studies on the downward and upward comparisons

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