The expanding microRNA world in psoriasis

Abstract

Since their discovery in the early 1990s, microRNAs (miRNAs), small, non-protein-coding RNAs with regulatory functions, have emerged from being a peculiarity in worms to abundant regulators of gene expression in nearly all organisms. There are more than 2500 miRNAs (miRBase 21, www.mirbase.org) in human, and the majority of proteincoding genes are thought to be regulated by miRNAs. Accordingly, miRNAs have been implicated in nearly all biological processes, in particular stem cell differentiation, development, the regulation of signalling pathways and defining cell identity.[1]Early studies with the ablation of all miRNAs by deleting Dicer, a key enzyme in the biogenesis of miRNAs, highlighted the role of miRNAs in skin development: mice with impaired biogenesis of miRNAs were not viable due to severe defects in skin structure.[2] Soon afterwards, individual miRNAs orchestrating epidermal differentiation and hair follicle development were identified, [3] and miRNAs were implicated in inflammatory and malignant skin diseases by identification of disease-specific miRNAs in psoriasis (s1), [4] atopic dermatitis (s2), delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (s3), cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (s4), and basal (BCC) (s5) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) (s6, s7). Of particular interest, a miRNA with skin-restricted expression profile, miR-203, was identified (s8-s10) [4] , which regulates keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation and acts as a tumor suppressor.Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease in which the disturbed interaction of keratinocytes and immune cells leads to a vicious circle of chronic inflammation. Are the deregulated miRNAs in psoriasis skin a cause or consequence of chronic skin inflammation? To answer this question, several K E Y W O R D Sbiomarker, microRNA, non-coding RNA, psoriasis, skin

Overexpression of Drosha, DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 (DGCR8), and Dicer mRNAs in the pathogenesis of psoriasis

“…Skin represents the largest organ in the human body, and its morphogenesis has been shown to require a highly coordinated and undisrupted miRNA profile. miRNAs have been identified as crucial regulators of gene expression in epidermal differentiation, proliferation, cell‐to‐cell communication, and inflammation, and it can be anticipated that they will emerge as important players not only in psoriasis but also in other skin diseases …”

Signaling pathways associated with interleukins 12 and 23 and epigenetic mechanism of sequential-specific regulation of expression of related genes by miRNAs as molecular markers for assessing the potential of anti-cytokine therapies

“…MiRNA are used as markers in diagnostic and therapeutic schemes for psoriasis, including efficacy assessment of anti-cytokine therapy [57][58][59][60].…”

“…MiRNA są wykorzystywane jako markery w schematach diagnostyczno-terapeutycznych łuszczycy, m.in. do oceny skuteczności terapii antycytokinowych [57][58][59][60].…”

Psoriasis – What′s Up ?

“…provide evidence for IL‐22‐induced miRNA affecting keratinocyte proliferation. A pioneer in the field, E Sonkoly, highlights current concepts and future challenges in the world of non‐coding RNAs in an insightful commentary . An important feature of microRNAs is their small size, which makes them attractive for therapeutic use in dermatology.…”

“…A pioneer in the field, E Sonkoly, highlights current concepts and future challenges in the world of noncoding RNAs in an insightful commentary. [27] An important feature of microRNAs is their small size, which makes them attractive for therapeutic use in dermatology. Promising attempts are underway and we may soon experience microRNA-based topical therapies.…”