The existence of young soot in the exhaust of inverse diffusion flames

Blevins, Linda G.; Fletcher, Robert A.; Benner, Bruce A.; Steel, Eric B.; Mulholland, George W.

doi:10.1016/s1540-7489(02)80283-8

Cited by 132 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…They have been widely depicted in micrographs obtained by ex-situ sampling from flames where they appear as solitary, sometimes faint particles that are semi-transparent to the electron beam but they may display dark edges or dark internal regions. These nanoparticles have been shown in micrographs of samples from premixed flames (Wersborg et al 1973;Onichuk et al 2003;Sgro et al 2003;Öktem et al 2005), in numerous laminar diffusion flames (Megaridis et al 1989;Dobbins et al 1994Dobbins et al , 1996Dobbins et al , 1998Dobbins, 1997;Vander Wal, 1996Köylü et al 1997;Lee et al 2000); in turbulent flames (Hu et al 2003(Hu et al , 2004Yang et al 2005); in unsteady, flickering flames (Zhang and Megaridis 1998); in bituminous coal flames (Ma et al 1995); in microgravity flames (Konsur et al 1999); in inverse diffusion flames (Blevins et al 2002;Lee et al 2005;Oh et al 2005); in a two meter pool fire (Jensen et al 2005); in a well stirred reactor (Blevins et al 2003); and in an opposed flow flame (Merchan-Merchan et al 2003). Additional details concerning these studies are summarized in Table A1 of Appendix A.…”

Section: Precursor Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The GCMS data (Blevins et al 2002) was made possible by the use of probe sampling of an inverse diffusion flame and provided isomer identification of the numerous PAHs in the 152 to 302 u mass range. These results both independently confirm and significantly extend the earlier mass spectroscopy data.…”

Section: Precursor Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These results both independently confirm and significantly extend the earlier mass spectroscopy data. Furthermore, the data of Blevins et al (2002) identifies the presence of certain PAH compounds that have been found to be genotoxic in the literature discussed below.…”

Section: Precursor Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The more detailed chemical analysis of the nanoparticles (Blevins et al 2002) was obtained by using suction probe sampling of the inverse diffusion flame (IDF). These large samples provided isomer specific identification of the various PAHs in this flame by the use of GCMS.…”

Section: Chemical Properties Of Young and Carbonaceous Soots Small Samentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrocarbon Nanoparticles Formed in Flames and Diesel Engines

Dobbins

2007

Aerosol Science and Technology

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The formation of nanoparticles in laboratory hydrocarbon flames is reviewed in terms of particle morphology, chemical composition, and health hazards. The nascent nanoparticles in the nucleation mode have been widely reported in diverse laboratory flames, and are distinguished by their occurrence as singlet particles that form translucent images in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Their sizes range from about 10 nm or more down to 2 to 3 nm, the limit of resolution of the TEM, and they possess a liquid-like quality. These particles are widely considered to be the precursor stage to the more readily observed carbonaceous aggregates consisting of chained primary particles that are opaque to the electron beam of the TEM. Nanoparticles sampled from the inverse diffusion flame and the particle effluent from diesel engines show a strong resemblance by GCMS analysis, and they contain many of the stabilomer PAHs and their isomers in the 200 to 302 atomic mass range. Many of these chemical species have high relative mutagenicities. Distinctive bimodal particle size distributions can be observed in both flame and engine samples. Recent TEM micrographs of diesel particulates show images of precursor-like nanoparticles, of as yet unknown chemical composition, that are formed in a diesel engine at many operating conditions.

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Section: Precursor Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Precursor Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Precursor Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemical Properties Of Young and Carbonaceous Soots Small Samentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrocarbon Nanoparticles Formed in Flames and Diesel Engines

Dobbins

2007

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…Certains auteurs préconisent de «déshabiller» les suies à différentes HAB pour identifier les espèces gazeuses environnantes qui participent au processus de croissance de surface des suies [9].…”

Section: (Il Est à Noter Que La Composition Chimique Des Suies Collecunclassified

Croissance des HAP et des suies et transition phase gaz-phase solide dans les processus de combustion

Desgroux

Bakali

Mercier

2011

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract. This article is addressed to a scientific community familiar to astrophysics, and most researchers are not familiar with combustion science. Thus the goal is to provide a basic understanding of "the flame" and the different steps that lead to soot particle formation in conditions that are generally close to atmospheric pressure and high temperature, i.e. in conditions far from those encountered in most astrophysical media. Some experimental techniques of sooty flame investigations will also be introduced. The main aim is to outline the concepts and the tools of combustion science to facilitate fruitful scientific exchanges between two communities that are motivated by the understanding of the formation and evolution of PAHs and soot-like particles, in completely different environments. It should be noted that the description does not pretend to be exhaustive at all and certain theoretical and experimental approaches are not described nor even mentioned.Résumé. Cet article s'adresse à une communauté «astrophysique» non familière avec la combustion. Il a pour but de donner quelques bases permettant de comprendre «la flamme» et les étapes chimiques principales conduisant à la formation de particules de suie dans un milieu généralement à pression atmosphérique et haute température, c'est-à-dire dans des conditions de pression et température très éloignées de celles rencontrées dans le milieu interstellaire. Certaines méthodes expérimentales d'investigation de flammes suitées sont également présentées. L'objectif étant de pouvoir jeter des ponts entre deux communautés éloignées mais rassemblées par un même intérêt pour les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques et les particules de suie. Il est clair que la présentation qui est faite ici est très succincte et qu'elle fait l'impasse sur certaines théories, approches, méthodes expérimentales. . .

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