The Excretion of Trace Metals in Human Sweat

Cohn, Marita; Emmett, EA

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-00288-4.50036-0

Cited by 46 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Thus, regional sweat composition may quantitatively not represent whole-body electrolyte excretion. For example, armbag sweat electrolyte concen-trations were found to be 1.3 to 5.3 times higher than concentrations derived by the whole-body washdown method from the same individual (10). Any extrapolation of regional sweat E data to total E losses, via dermal route, may therefore result in a considerable overestimation of these losses.…”

Section: Regional Versus Whole-body Samplingmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…In high humidity females may have lower sweat rates. Additionally, a higher sweat efficiency and higher sweat onset threshold, as well as higher sweat sodium-chloride levels compared to males, have been reported (8,10,25,27).…”

Section: Procedures and Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Any extrapolation of regional sweat E data to total E losses, via dermal route, may therefore result in a considerable overestimation of these losses. For this reason several researchers clearly emphasize that whole-body electrolyte loss, such as occurs during physical exercise or during heat induced sweating in a warm environment, can only be determined reliably by analyzing sweat from the entire body surface (10,12,35). A properly applied total-body washdown method is reported to be accurate within k1% (14).…”

Section: Regional Versus Whole-body Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, armbag sweat contains much higher electrolyte concentrations than whole-body sampled sweat from the same individual. Furthermore, the presence of desquamated skin cells in sweat will influence the quantity of electrolytes observed (3,10,11,12,13,21,33,59).…”

Section: Procedures and Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rationale for Upper Limits of Electrolyte Replacement during Exercise

Brouns¹,

Schneider²

1992

International Journal of Sport Nutrition

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The addition of carbohydrate and sodium to sport drinks has been recommended to enhance fluid intake and absorption and to delay fatigue. Other electrolytes (E) which are lost through sweating are also commonly added. However, too many E may lead to increased serum E and osmolality levels, which may negatively influence thermoregulation, depress sweating, and cause gastrointestinal distress. On the other hand, drinking large amounts of plain water to compensate sweat loss may induce hyponatremia. Therefore, literature describing sweat E losses was examined in order to estimate average whole-body E loss and to determine an upper limit for replacement of E with sport drinks. Mean E loss was determined from 13 studies, with +1 SD resulting in a hypothetical range for E losses. Correction for net absorption resulted in an upper limit of electrolyte replacement. It is suggested that the E levels in sport rehydration drinks should not exceed the upper limit of the range given.Athletes involved in intensive endurance exercise have higher energy demands to meet the needs for muscular work. Most of the energy required is produced by oxidative metabolism. As such, each liter of oxygen consumed will contribute to an energy production of approximately 20 kJ. However, 75% of this energy is released as heat and only 25% is used for mechanical work. In order to avoid hyperthermia, the produced heat must be transferred from the working muscles to the periphery, primarily by the circulating blood. This heat is eliminated at the surface of the body by radiation, convection, and evaporation. Radiation and convection are the means by which dry heat is transferred to the immediate surroundings. Heat loss by convection can be increased substantially by streaming air (wind) or water. Evaporation of sweat is the most important way to eliminate heat when working in a warm environment because convection and radiation will be minimal under these circumstances. With intense physical activity, sweat rates will then be maximized.At maximal sweat rates, a 70-kg male athlete may lose >30 ml/min or >1,800 ml sweatthr. Body size, training status, exercise intensity, and weather F. Brouns and W. Saris are with the

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Section: Regional Versus Whole-body Samplingmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Procedures and Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Regional Versus Whole-body Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Procedures and Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Rationale for Upper Limits of Electrolyte Replacement during Exercise

Brouns¹,

Schneider²

1992

International Journal of Sport Nutrition

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There is enough evidence to demonstrate that trace elements, mainly copper and zinc, are present in sweat of normal people [3], so they must be present also in sweat of patients with cystic fibrosis in any stage of the disease. It is also important to remark that patients with Wilson's disease produce significantly smaller volumes of sweat [4], apparently, copper also participates in the physiology of sweat glands, the same glands affected in cystic fibrosis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%