2016
DOI: 10.1080/23738871.2016.1157619
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The evolution of the Internet: from military experiment to General Purpose Technology

Abstract: The Internet is now over four decades old. A survey of its evolution from a military experiment conducted in the context of the Cold War to a General Purpose Technology illustrates the extent to which the network was shaped, not just by the intrinsic affordances of its underpinning technologies, but also by political, ideological, social, and economic factors. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Cited by 104 publications
(66 citation statements)
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References 15 publications
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“…In addition, a social factor may have contributed to the rapid dissemination of these psychotherapy brands: the emergence of communication and information technologies. Specifically, the Internet became public and free in 1993 (39), Google was launched in 1998 (40), and social media emerged in the 2000s (e.g., Facebook was launched in 2004) (41).…”
Section: Emerging Trendsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, a social factor may have contributed to the rapid dissemination of these psychotherapy brands: the emergence of communication and information technologies. Specifically, the Internet became public and free in 1993 (39), Google was launched in 1998 (40), and social media emerged in the 2000s (e.g., Facebook was launched in 2004) (41).…”
Section: Emerging Trendsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It was developed in the 1980s and could only be used with existing devices with physical connections via wires. The original purpose of this technology was to exchange military related information efficiently between devices [2]. Due to the wired-only nature of the Internet at the time, it was considerably harder to gain access to the network as a malicious individual would have to have physical access to the devices in order to do anything with it.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Internet, which was started in 1989 [1], now has 1.2 million terabyte data from Google, Amazon, Microsoft and Facebook [2]. It is estimated that the internet contains over four and a half billion websites on the surface web, the deep web, which we know very little about, is at least four hundred times bigger than the surface web [3].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%