The Evolution of Respiratory Cryptosporidiosis: Evidence for Transmission by Inhalation

Sponseller, Jerlyn K.; Griffiths, Jeffrey K.; Tzipori, Saul

doi:10.1128/cmr.00115-13

Cited by 108 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…Disseminated cases of cryptosporidiosis have been previously reported in other hosts, particularly immunosuppressed hosts, and in addition to the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, Cryptosporidium has been identified in the hepatobiliary system, pancreas and urinary bladder (cf. Sponseller et al, 2014). In the present study, the immune status of the host is unknown but was likely to be dysfunctional.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Molecular characterisation of a disseminated Cryptosporidium infection in a Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Yang

Dorrestein

Ryan

2016

Veterinary Parasitology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Molecular characterisation of a disseminated Cryptosporidium infection in a Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Yang

Dorrestein

Ryan

2016

Veterinary Parasitology

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“…Numerous studies have demonstrated that respiratory cryptosporidiosis may occur commonly in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals and that Cryptosporidium may also be transmitted via respiratory secretions [53]. Several studies also suggest that flies may play an important role in the mechanical transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia including human infectious species [54–64].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges

2017

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Cryptosporidium and Giardia are important causes of diarrhoeal illness. Adequate knowledge of the molecular diversity and geographical distribution of these parasites and the environmental and climatic variables that influence their prevalence is important for effective control of infection in at-risk populations, yet relatively little is known about the epidemiology of these parasites in Africa. Cryptosporidium is associated with moderate to severe diarrhoea and increased mortality in African countries and both parasites negatively affect child growth and development. Malnutrition and HIV status are also important contributors to the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in African countries. Molecular typing of both parasites in humans, domestic animals and wildlife to date indicates a complex picture of both anthroponotic, zoonotic and spill-back transmission cycles that requires further investigation. For Cryptosporidium, the only available drug (nitazoxanide) is ineffective in HIV and malnourished individuals and therefore more effective drugs are a high priority. Several classes of drugs with good efficacy exist for Giardia, but dosing regimens are suboptimal and emerging resistance threatens clinical utility. Climate change and population growth are also predicted to increase both malnutrition and the prevalence of these parasites in water sources. Dedicated and co-ordinated commitments from African governments involving “One Health” initiatives with multidisciplinary teams of veterinarians, medical workers, relevant government authorities, and public health specialists working together are essential to control and prevent the burden of disease caused by these parasites.

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“…Infection begins with the ingestion of oocysts in contaminated water or food by direct contact with infected humans or animals. In children and immunocompromised individuals in resource-limited settings, respiratory cryptosporidiosis may be transmitted by inhalation (11). Once oocysts reach the upper small intestine, excystation occurs, releasing four infectious sporozoites (12).…”

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confidence: 99%

Novel Bioengineered Three-Dimensional Human Intestinal Model for Long-Term Infection of Cryptosporidium parvum

et al. 2017

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Cryptosporidium spp. are apicomplexan parasites of global importance that cause human diarrheal disease. In vitro culture models that may be used to study this parasite and that have physiological relevance to in vivo infection remain suboptimal. Thus, the pathogenesis of cryptosporidiosis remains poorly characterized, and interventions for the disease are limited. In this study, we evaluated the potential of a novel bioengineered three-dimensional (3D) human intestinal tissue model (which we developed previously) to support long-term infection by Cryptosporidium parvum. Infection was assessed by immunofluorescence assays and confocal and scanning electron microscopy and quantified by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. We found that C. parvum infected and developed in this tissue model for at least 17 days, the extent of the study time used in the present study. Contents from infected scaffolds could be transferred to fresh scaffolds to establish new infections for at least three rounds. Asexual and sexual stages and the formation of new oocysts were observed during the course of infection. Additionally, we observed ablation, blunting, or distortion of microvilli in infected epithelial cells. Ultimately, a 3D model system capable of supporting continuous Cryptosporidium infection will be a useful tool for the study of hostparasite interactions, identification of putative drug targets, screening of potential interventions, and propagation of genetically modified parasites. KEYWORDS 3D model, Cryptosporidium, in vitro culture, intestinal epithelial cells C ryptosporidium spp. are apicomplexan parasites of global importance that cause diarrheal disease in humans and animals worldwide (1, 2). Though immunocompetent individuals experience self-limiting or asymptomatic infection, immunocompromised hosts, such as untreated patients with HIV infection or AIDS (3) and malnourished children (1, 2) in resource-limited settings, may experience severe diarrhea, wasting, and death. In a recent case-control study, Cryptosporidium was one of four pathogens responsible for moderate to severe diarrhea in children under the age of 5 years and was associated with an increased risk of death in children from 1 to 2 years of age in seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia (4). The only FDA-approved drug for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis is nitazoxanide, a drug with broad antiparasitic properties (5). However, this drug is not effective in immunocompromised patients (6) and has not been widely tested in malnourished children in resource-limited countries. Though significant improvements in water purification methods have occurred (7) since the outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis in Milwaukee, WI, in 1993 (8), industrialized countries are seeing increased numbers of cases, largely due to recreational water outbreaks (9).Unlike many other apicomplexan parasites which often require more than one host to complete their life cycles (10), Cryptosporidium completes its entire life cycle in a

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The Evolution of Respiratory Cryptosporidiosis: Evidence for Transmission by Inhalation

Cited by 108 publications

References 124 publications

Molecular characterisation of a disseminated Cryptosporidium infection in a Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Molecular characterisation of a disseminated Cryptosporidium infection in a Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges

Novel Bioengineered Three-Dimensional Human Intestinal Model for Long-Term Infection of Cryptosporidium parvum

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