The evolution of radar technology into commercial systems

Hewitt, B.S.

doi:10.1109/mwsym.1994.335580

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…From the antenna point-of-view, a retrodirective array has an omnidirectional coverage, while simultaneously maintaining a high level of antenna gain. This unique property makes retrodirective arrays important in a wide range of applications, such as self-steering antennas, radar transponders, search and rescue, and noncontact identification systems [66], [67].…”

Section: Retrodirective Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in active integrated antennas and their applications

Qian

Itoh

1998

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

159

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Active integrated antennas (AIA's) provide a new paradigm for designing modern microwave and millimeter-wave architecture with desirable features such as compactness, light weight, low cost, low profile, minimum power consumption, and multiple functionality. This paper reviews recent research and development related to this emerging technology with emphasis on its applications in high-efficiency radio-frequency (RF) front-end, millimeter-wave power combining, beam steering, and retrodirective arrays, as well as wireless sensors. Optical controlling techniques for AIA's are also described.

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Section: Retrodirective Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in active integrated antennas and their applications

Qian

Itoh

1998

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

159

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“…The main feature of a retro-directive antenna is to have its retransmitted signal and incident signal to be a phase conjugation pair at the microwave frequency. It can find applications [3]- [7] in aircraft carrier landing system, automatic tolls, cargo tracking, collision avoidance, intelligent cruise control, and channel markers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1. For the th element, if the incident signal to the mixer is (3) and the external LO signal is at the double frequency 2 as (4) where and are its amplitude and phase angle. The mixer output signal is then proportional to the conjugation of the incident signal with phase term as (5) where is a constant to account for the mixing product.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Retro-Directive Antenna Array With Phase Conjugation Circuit Using Subharmonically Injection-Locked Self-Oscillating Mixers

Yen

Chu

2004

IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.

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In this paper, a novel phase conjugation circuit and its application to retro-directive antennas are presented. The phase conjugation circuit uses a balanced circuit structure with subharmonically injection locked self-oscillating mixers oscillating at . In the operation, an input signal at 2 is converted to its conjugated signal with no external source required for LO signal pumping, and the output signal frequency is locked at the same frequency of the input signal. The developed phase conjugation circuit is implemented with active antennas to become a retrodirective antenna array. Both the theoretical and measured results of phase conjugation and retro-directive performance are shown in good agreement.

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“…Retrodirective arrays are used primarily when the incident wavefront is not completely known, but a transmission path is available. This phenomenon has found applications ranging from self-steering receiving antennas to radar transponders and non-contact identi® cation systems (Cutler et al 1963, Hewitt 1994. For retro-direction to occur, each element inthe array must re-radiate a received signal, with the phase of the transmitted signal acting as the conjugate of the received signal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-phased re-transmitting integrated mixer antenna array

Gupta¹,

Fusco²

1999

International Journal of Electronics

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This paper describes a retrodirective array which employs a heterodyne phasing technique. The array is based on the compact two-port integrated mixer active antenna element with low cross polarization, high two-port circuit isolation and good mixer detection sensitivity, arranged so to provide the conjugate phase shift necessary for retro-direction. When driven by a reference signal at twice the incident frequency, the integrated mixer antenna elements received and reradiated signals have induced a conjugate phase shift onto them. The result is retrodirective radiation that is not critically dependent on either the array geometry or the planarity of the wavefront. This makes conformal retrodirective arrays possible. The physical realization of these concepts has been very much simpli® ed using active antenna integration techniques by the creation of a useful general purpose two-port microstrip patch antenna. The two-port integral mixer antenna element realized can be used as a quasi-isolator allowing retro-direction transmitter action to be realized over a limited return angle. The experimental veri® cation of the basic principle and performance of the retrodirective array based on this integral mixer antenna element are discussed.

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The evolution of radar technology into commercial systems

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Progress in active integrated antennas and their applications

Progress in active integrated antennas and their applications

A Retro-Directive Antenna Array With Phase Conjugation Circuit Using Subharmonically Injection-Locked Self-Oscillating Mixers

Self-phased re-transmitting integrated mixer antenna array

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