The Evolution of Mindfulness-Based Physical Interventions in Breast Cancer Survivors

Abstract

Survivors of breast cancer are faced with a multitude of medical and psychological impairments during and after treatment and throughout their lifespan. Physical exercise has been shown to improve survival and recurrence in this population. Mind-body interventions combine a light-moderate intensity physical exercise with mindfulness, thus having the potential to improve both physical and psychological sequelae of breast cancer treatments. We conducted a review of mindfulness-based physical exercise interventions which included yoga, tai chi chuan, Pilates, and qigong, in breast cancer survivors. Among the mindfulness-based interventions, yoga was significantly more studied in this population as compared to tai chi chuan, Pilates, and qigong. The participants and the outcomes of the majority of the studies reviewed were heterogeneous, and the population included was generally not selected for symptoms. Yoga was shown to improve fatigue in a few methodologically strong studies, providing reasonable evidence for benefit in this population. Improvements were also seen in sleep, anxiety, depression, distress, quality of life, and postchemotherapy nausea and vomiting in the yoga studies. Tai chi chuan, Pilates, and qigong were not studied sufficiently in breast cancer survivors in order to be implemented in clinical practice.

Shoulder Mobility, Muscular Strength, and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors with and without Tai Chi Qigong Training

“…To manage the side effects of conventional cancer treatments and restore physical functioning and QOL, many female breast cancer survivors turn to complementary therapies such as Tai Chi and Qigong [5]. These mind-body exercise interventions simultaneously address physical and psychological needs and thus are particularly suitable for breast CA survivors [5].…”

The Pilates method in the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review

“…Exercises that cover both physical and psychological needs, such as Pilates, have shown bene icial effects, such as improving the quality of life (QoL) and functionality, reducing fatigue and depression. However, research in relation to Pilates is still scarce and involves studies with small samples (51).…”

A Wellness Program for Cancer Survivors and Caregivers: Developing an Integrative Pilot Program with Exercise, Nutrition, and Complementary Medicine

“…Resistance training provides additional beneficial effects in reducing muscle wasting, regaining lost muscle mass, and improving muscle function [3]. Conventional exercise regimens, however, can be challenging for cancer survivors who have undergone surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation treatment, and who are also experiencing the additional burden of anxiety and stress about the possibility of recurrence [7]. Similarly, nutrition counseling has also been found to improve dietary intake in cancer patients who face increased risk of malnutrition, thereby improving outcomes and timely healing [8].…”