“…This situation created a belief among managers that customers and customer relationships could be managed according to previously developed practices. Increasingly, however, digitalization, macro economy and banking regulations, competitors, and not to mention customer behaviour and demographics, challenge established views and operations (e.g., Lähteenmäki and Nätti, 2013;Lundberg, Öhman and Sjödin, 2014;Durkin, Mulholland and McCartan, 2015;Ruotsila, Ekdahl and Vitali, 2015;Ruefenacht, Schlager, Maas and Puustinen, 2015;Stamenkov and Dika, 2015;Nätti and Lähteenmäki, 2016). For example, a recent review of challenges for Nordic retail banking notes that 'banks across the Nordic region have been unsuccessful when it comes to addressing transformational marketplace forces .…”