The impact of crop management and agricultural land use on the threat status of plants adapted to arable habitats was analysed using data from Red Lists of vascular plants assessed by national experts from 29 European countries. There was a positive relationship between national wheat yields and the numbers of rare, threatened or recently extinct arable plant species in each country. Variance in the relative proportions of species in different threat categories was significantly explained using a combination of fertilizer and herbicide use, with a greater percentage of the variance partitioned to fertilizers. Specialist species adapted to individual crops, such as flax, are among the most threatened. These species have declined across Europe in response to a reduction in the area grown for the crops on which they rely. The increased use of agro-chemicals, especially in central and northwestern Europe, has selected against a larger group of species adapted to habitats with intermediate fertility. There is an urgent need to implement successful conservation strategies to arrest the decline of this functionally distinct and increasingly threatened component of the European flora.

Business ecosystems consist of a heterogeneous and continuously evolving set of entities that are interconnected through a complex, global network of relationships. However, there is no well-established methodology to study the dynamics of this network. Traditional approaches have primarily utilized a single source of data of relatively established firms; however, these approaches ignore the vast number of relevant activities that often occur at the individual and entrepreneurial levels. We argue that a data-driven visualization approach, using both institutionally and socially curated datasets, can provide important complementary, triangulated explanatory insights into the dynamics of interorganizational networks in general and business ecosystems in particular. We develop novel visualization layouts to help decision makers systemically identify and compare ecosystems. Using traditionally disconnected data sources on deals and alliance relationships (DARs), executive and funding relationships (EFRs), and public opinion and discourse (POD), we empirically illustrate our data-driven method of data triangulation and visualization techniques through three cases in the mobile industry Google’s acquisition of Motorola Mobility, the coopetitive relation between Apple and Samsung, and the strategic partnership between Nokia and Microsoft. The article concludes with implications and future research opportunities.

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This paper provides an evidence-based approach to understanding the relationship infrastructure of spatially defined innovation ecosystems in three metropolitan areas. With the Triple Helix framework, the ecosystem perspective, and shared vision for transformation initiatives, we explore relationships as structure in the metropolitan areas of Austin, TX; Minneapolis, MN; and Paris, France. Network metrics are interpreted as indicators of relational capital; and network visualizations reveal distinct patterns of relational space that structure business ecosystems at the enterprise, growth, and startup levels in each geographic area. We illustrate that network metrics, relationship indicators, and their visualization can be valuable resources for quantitatively and qualitatively investigating and analyzing the complexities of engagement, agility, vitality, linking, and embeddedness in innovation ecosystems. We suggest that data-driven indicators of relational capital may be used for network orchestration, evidence-based policy, and the development of shared vision in spatially defined business ecosystems.Keywords: Ecosystem; Networks; Innovation; Business; Metropolitan; Relationships; Visualization Spanish: El capital relacional por una visión compartida en los ecosistemas de innovación. Resumen: Este artículo ofrece un enfoque basado en evidencias que permite comprender la infraestructura de relaciones en los ecosistemas de innovación de tres áreas metropolitanas. Empleando el marco de trabajo de Triple Hélice, la perspectiva de ecosistema y una visión compartida por iniciativas de transformación, exploramos las relaciones, entendidas como estructura, en las áreas metropolitanas de Austin (Texas, EE.UU.), Minneapolis (Minnesota, EE.UU.) y París (Francia). Los datos de red son interpretados como indicadores de capital relacional y las visualizaciones de red revelan patrones claros de espacio relacional que estructuran los ecosistemas de empresas, crecimiento y niveles de startup en cada área geográfica. Mostramos que las métricas de red, los indicadores de relación y sus visualizaciones pueden ser valiosos recursos a la hora de investigar y analizar tanto cuantitativa como cualitativamente la diversidad de compromiso, agilidad, vitalidad, conexión e implantación en los ecosistemas de innovación. Sugerimos que los indicadores de datos relacionados con el capital relacional pueden ser empleados para la orquestación de redes, políticas de evidencia y el desarrollo de visiones compartidas en ecosistemas empresariales delimitados espacialmente. Portuguese: Capital Relacional para uma visão partilhada dos ecossistemas de inovação. Resumo: Esse artigo fornece uma abordagem baseada na evidência para compreender o relacionamento entre infraestrutura e espacialidade definidas pelos ecossistemas de inovação em três áreas metropolitanas. Com a estrutura teórica da Hélice Tríplice, a perspectiva de ecossistema e uma visão compartilhada para a transformação de iniciativas nós exploramos os relacionamentos como uma estru...

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This paper introduces the use of social network analysis for socially constructed data to study inter-organizational systems of innovation and their value-add supply chain. Through social network analysis, we explore the structure of relationships among Chinese technology-based companies, foreign technology- based companies with Chinese locations, Chinese investment firms, and foreign firms investing in Chinese companies – with particular attention to the business sectors related to e-commerce and internet security. We use an organizational sociology frame- work and socially constructed data in English to describe a Euro- American perspective on innovation ecosystems that link China globally