The Evolution of Environmental Policy and Politics

On the Front Lines of Implementing Environmental Regulation: The Perspective of the Regulated Community in Montana

“…An ever-present perception about environmental regulation since its inception in the 1960s and 1970s is that regulated entities are resistant to such policies, and perhaps even hostile (cf. Kraft, 2011). As a result, regulators were compelled to use the "regulatory stick" to achieve compliance.…”

Difusão dos instrumentos da política ambiental nos estados brasileiros: um estudo exploratório

“…Essa política reflete uma decisão representativa das necessidades da sociedade e evidencia as questões prioritárias do governo. Ela inclui tanto a intervenção estatal em assuntos ambientais como também sua decisão de não agir (KRAFT, 2011). A implementação da política ambiental se concretiza "por meio de restrições quantitativas e gerenciais ao uso dos bens e serviços ambientais definidos por lei" (MOTTA et al, 1996, p. 69).…”

Renewable Energy Policymaking in the American West

“…Bush and Bill Clinton were marked by few attempts to strengthen environmental policy and few or no major changes to our environmental laws. And despite the initial optimism brought forth by the election of Barack Obama to change the status quo, few serious efforts have been made to make major changes to our national energy or environmental strategies (Kraft 2011).…”

“…Nor have we been able to bring about a combination of creative new technologies, broad public participation, and appropriate behavioral changes to develop any type of comprehensive environmental or energy strategy. This is noteworthy today because of the increased visibility of energy issues, particularly in the context of the emotional debate regarding climate change (Kraft 2011).…”

“…This relatively new interest in the environment has led to several sets of competing value systems, each attempting to preserve its way of life. The most obvious is represented by the conflict between the development of our natural resources and environmental protection (Kraft 2011).…”