The evolution of and challenges for industrial radiation processing—2012

A review of radiation-grafted polymer electrolyte membranes for alkaline polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

“…Most radiation grafting processes need high-energy rays to collide on the polymer matrix to form active sites, but these high-energy rays have strong carcinogenicity and can be harmful to human health if not well managed [283,284]. Berejka et al [285] reported that radiation dose and dose-rate were factors in cell death as well as in the polymerization and crosslinking of monomers, possibly because the radiation could break apart the double strands of DNA molecules. Furthermore, many toxic organic solvents and post-quaternization reactive agents are used in the synthesis/fabrication of radiation-grafted alkaline membranes, which not only can harm human health but also raises the cost of the processes.…”

Experimental and analytical performance investigation of air to air two phase closed thermosyphon based heat exchangers

“…This fact has forced engineers and designers to go for more sustainable and efficient energy systems designs in built environment [6] and process industries [7;8]. In the 21 st century, every corporation must be aware of the environmental damage it may cause through its actions; actions, which may come in many interchangeable forms, namely waste [9;10], radiation [11], greenhouse gases [1] and/or heat [12][13][14][15]. With regards to heat energy, when released from a hot exhaust, it can be reutilised and/or recycled by heat exchangers [16][17][18] for re-use within industrial processes or for district heating of neighbouring communities.…”

Electron beam irradiation processing for industrial and medical applications

“…Penetration into materials of different density can be estimated by multiplying the penetration depth, found from the curves, by the ratio of the density of water to the density of the material. These curves show the penetration for different accelerating voltage to the depth of penetration in a material with mass density equal to that of water [12][13][14].…”

“…Electron accelerator types used for the industrial applications are high voltage direct current, microwave and radio frequency systems [10][11][12][13][14].…”