The evolution of adult body size in black-bellied salamanders (&lt;i&gt;Desmognathus&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;quadramaculatus&lt;/i&gt; complex)

Camp, Carlos D.; Marshall, Jeremy L.; Austin, Richard M.

doi:10.1139/cjz-78-10-1712

Can. J. Zool.

2000

DOI: 10.1139/cjz-78-10-1712

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The evolution of adult body size in black-bellied salamanders (<i>Desmognathus</i> <i>quadramaculatus</i> complex)

Carlos D. Camp¹,

Jeremy L. Marshall²,

Richard M. Austin³

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Cited by 13 publications

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“…In order to reach reproductive maturity, Desmognathus species with long larval periods (2–4 years, Tilley and Bernardo 1993) require climates that maintain cool, fast‐flowing streams with permanent flow regimes (Camp et al. 2000), conditions that are geographically localized in the southern Appalachian Highlands region within the clade's range. Similarly, although one might predict that direct developers would have fewer habitat constraints because they lack the requirement of aquatic microhabitats, their small size leaves them more susceptible to thermal and desiccation stress (Ray 1958; Tracy et al.…”

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Developmental life history is associated with variation in rates of climatic niche evolution in a salamander adaptive radiation*

2020

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Rates of climatic niche evolution vary widely across the tree of life and are strongly associated with rates of diversification among clades. However, why the climatic niche evolves more rapidly in some clades than others remains unclear. Variation in life history traits often plays a key role in determining the environmental conditions under which species can survive, and therefore, This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. 2 could impact the rate at which lineages can expand in available climatic niche space. Here, we explore the relationships among life-history variation, climatic niche breadth, and rates of climatic niche evolution. We reconstruct a phylogeny for the genus Desmognathus, an adaptive radiation of salamanders distributed across eastern North America, based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes.Using this phylogeny, we estimate rates of climatic niche evolution for species with long, short, and no aquatic larval stage. Rates of climatic niche evolution are unrelated to the mean climatic niche breadth of species with different life histories. Instead, we find that the evolution of a short larval period promotes greater exploration of climatic space, leading to increased rates of climatic niche evolution across species having this trait. We propose that morphological and physiological differences associated with variation in larval stage length underlie the heterogeneous ability of lineages to explore climatic niche space. Rapid rates of climatic niche evolution among species with short larval periods were an important dimension of the clade's adaptive radiation and likely contributed to the rapid rate of lineage accumulation following the evolution of an aquatic life history in this clade. Our results show how variation in a key life-history trait can constrain or promote divergence of the climatic niche, leading to variation in rates of climatic niche evolution among species.

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Developmental life history is associated with variation in rates of climatic niche evolution in a salamander adaptive radiation*

2020

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Body size plasticity and local variation of relative head and body size sexual dimorphism in garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis)

2003

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For snakes, prey size and sex are two possible determinants of head and body size. In garter snakes Thamnophis sirtalis, females are generally longer and have greater body weights than males, and also have larger relative head sizes, which may facilitate foraging success. The selective pressures that account for sexual size dimorphism in garter snakes have not been unequivocally demonstrated. In this study, the body (length and mass) and head (head length, head width, jaw length, inter-ocular distance) sizes of garter snakes inhabiting two nearby but ecologically dissimilar sites with different types of available prey were compared. Overall, the adult female snakes were larger and had greater relative head sizes than males. Males from the two sites did not differ significantly in body or head sizes. However, the mean body length and mass of females from a site where vertebrates are included in the diet were greater than that of females feeding almost exclusively on earthworms. There were also significant site differences in all four head measurements in females, although the direction of the difference varied by site. Diet-induced morphological plasticity is well documented and was evident in this study, although the relative roles of genotype, ontogeny, and competing selective forces in the expression of such plasticity can only be ascertained through future experimental studies.

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Genomic data reject the hypothesis of sympatric ecological speciation in a clade of Desmognathus salamanders

Jones

Weisrock

2018

Evolution

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Closely related taxa with dissimilar morphologies are often considered to have diverged via natural selection favoring different phenotypes. However, some studies have found these scenarios to be paired with limited or no genetic differentiation. Desmognathus quadramaculatus and D. marmoratus are sympatric salamander species thought to represent a case of ecological speciation based on distinct morphologies, but the results of previous studies have not resolved corresponding patterns of lineage divergence. Here, we use genome‐wide data to test this hypothesis of ecological speciation. Population structure analyses partitioned individuals geographically, but not morphologically, into two adjacent regions of western North Carolina: Pisgah and Nantahala. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the nominal species are nonmonophyletic and resolved deep divergence between the two geographic clusters. Model‐testing overwhelmingly supported the hypothesis that lineage divergence followed geography. Finally, ecological niche modeling showed that Pisgah and Nantahala individuals occupy different climatic niches, and geographic boundaries for the two lineages correspond to differences in precipitation regimes across southern Appalachia. Overall, we reject the previous hypothesis of ecological speciation based on microhabitat partitioning. Instead, our results suggest that there are two cryptic lineages, each containing the same pair of morphotypes.

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The evolution of adult body size in black-bellied salamanders (<i>Desmognathus</i> <i>quadramaculatus</i> complex)

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Developmental life history is associated with variation in rates of climatic niche evolution in a salamander adaptive radiation*

Developmental life history is associated with variation in rates of climatic niche evolution in a salamander adaptive radiation*

Body size plasticity and local variation of relative head and body size sexual dimorphism in garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis)

Genomic data reject the hypothesis of sympatric ecological speciation in a clade of Desmognathus salamanders

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