The evaluation of new multi-material human soft tissue simulants for sports impact surrogates

Development of a multi‐layered skin simulant for burn injury evaluation of protective fabrics exposed to low radiant heat

“…It has a broad range of properties that simulate human skin, such as optical properties, 16 drug permeability, 17,18 and mechanical properties. 19 PDMS can be molded to flexible shapes with easy manipulation. 20 Additionally, PDMS is non-toxic and even biocompatible, with long-term stability.…”

“…PDMS, as a main type of the silicone elastomers, is widely used in artificial skin models or skin phantoms. It has a broad range of properties that simulate human skin, such as optical properties, drug permeability, and mechanical properties . PDMS can be molded to flexible shapes with easy manipulation .…”

Investigation of dental materials as skin simulants for forensic skin/skull/brain model impact testing

“…Moreover, it is an anisotropic (force response is dependent on the force direction) and a nonlinear material [1][2][3]. Several studies have identified that human skin's mechanical behavior is dependent on a variety of factors, such as age, gender, health and weight of the donor, as well as the location of the site and its orientation [1,2,[4][5][6][7][8]. The use of human skin in test situations may potentially make it difficult to analyze any experimental results and repeating of the experiment would be problematic [9].…”

“…Non-organic materials have also been proposed for skin simulant research, including industrial silicones and polyurethanes [2,9,[12][13][14][15][16]. Being non-human or animal sourced, the use of these materials obviates the need for ethics and their mechanical behavior and properties can be studied in a more controlled manner.…”

Development of FEA models to study contusion patterning in layered tissue and the shaft loaded blister test

“…These assumptions allow for the simplifications of the model which significantly decrease computational time. Based on assumptions in the published literature for this work the model used was a multi-layered puck model similar to the work in the literature [9]. Using this modelling platform allowed for easy parametric studies.…”