The Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans: Occupational Exposures in the Spraying and Application of Insecticides

Asia–Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update

“…Countries with chronic HBV infection prevalence greater than 2% have increased incidence and mortality rates of HCC [12]. Case–control studies in all regions of Asia have shown that chronic HBV infection is significantly more common among HCC cases than controls with odds ratios (ORs) ranging between 5:1 and 65:1 [13]. Similarly, prospective studies of HBV carriers have consistently demonstrated high RRs for HCC, ranging from 5 to 103 [14].…”

Household Pesticides and Risk of Pediatric Brain Tumors

“…Agricultural occupations typically involve exposure not only to pesticides but also to several other potentially hazardous substances, such as dusts, solvents, fuels, and zoonotic agents (1). Cohort studies of pesticide applicators, despite a greater degree of job title specificity, have also reported inconsistent results (10)(11)(12).…”

National Health Interview Survey mortality among US farmers and pesticide applicators

“…Despite a variety of methodologic issues including multiple pesticide exposures with inadequate exposure data, small sample sizes, and variable populations [Blair and Hoar Zahm, 1990;Blondell, 1990;Cordes and Foster, 1991;Munro et al, 1992;Doe and Paddle, 1994;Dich et al, 1997;Fleming et al, 1997;Cantor and Silberman, 1999], some conclusions can be drawn from the aggregate of available chronic disease studies in pesticide-exposed worker populations. Farmers and pesticide applicators (the main worker groups that have been studied since they are the largest groups with the highest occupational exposures) have tended to be healthier compared to the general population, especially with respect to cardiovascular disease and the diseases associated with heavy tobacco and ethanol use.…”