The epidemiology of chronic pain in a Swedish rural area

Andersson, Henrik

doi:10.1007/bf00433371

Cited by 86 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…4 Although definitions vary, the Scottish Government defines 'accessible rural' areas as those with fewer than 3000 people and within 30 minutes drive of a settlement of 10,000 or more and 'remote rural' areas as settlements of <3000 people and with a drive time of >30 minutes to a settlement of 10,000 or more. 5 Some authors have described elevated levels of chronic pain in a rural Swedish population 6 and in a rural area of the United States, compared to an urban area. 4 However, there were no significant differences in prevalence between individual pain sites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 However, work in this area is limited: sample sizes and response rates are low, 4,7 and although samples are described as rural, it is not always clear how this is actually defined. 6 The essential difference between rural and urban populations, in terms of health care, is the relative accessibility of services, but there may also be differences with regard to aetiology. Risk factors for pain in the general population include female gender, poor psychological well-being, lower social class and occupational and psychosocial factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The epidemiology of regional and widespread musculoskeletal pain in rural versus urban settings in those ≥55 years

Docking

Beasley

Steiner

et al. 2014

British Journal of Pain

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Objectives: To examine whether the prevalence of regional and chronic widespread pain (CWP) varies with rurality and to determine the characteristics of persons in rural locations in whom pain is found to be in excess. Methods: Participants, aged ≥55 years, from participating general practices in seven different geographical locations in Scotland were sent a postal questionnaire. The 1-month prevalence of 10 regional pain conditions plus CWP was identified using body manikins. Differences in the prevalence of pain with differing rurality were examined using Chi 2 test for trend. Thereafter, among the rural population, the relationships between pain and putative risk factors were examined using Poisson regression. Thus, results are described as risk ratios. Results: There was some evidence to suggest that the prevalence of CWP increased with increasing rurality, although the magnitude of this was slight. No large or significant differences were observed with any regional pain conditions. Factors associated with the reporting of CWP included poor general health, feeling downhearted most of the time and selected measures of social contact. Factors independently associated with CWP included female gender (risk ratio: 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.997-1.55), poor self-rated health (risk ratio: 3.50; 95% CI: 1.92-6.39) and low mood (risk ratio: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.07-2.20). Also, having fewer than 10 people to turn to in a crisis was associated with a decrease in the risk of CWP -risk ratio: 0.68 (95% CI: 0.50-0.93) and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.60-1.02) for those with 5-10 and <5 people, respectively. Conclusions: This study provides no evidence that the prevalence of regional musculoskeletal pain is increased in rural settings, although there is some evidence of a modest increase in CWP. Risk factors for CWP are similar to those seen in the urban setting, including markers of general health, mental health and also aspects of social contact. It may be, however, that social networks are more difficult to maintain in rural settings, and clinicians should be aware of the negative effect of perceived social isolation on pain in rural areas. Keywords 87 Key points• Some evidence to suggest that the prevalence of chronic widespread pain (CWP) increased with increasing rurality; • Risk factors for CWP are similar to those seen in the urban setting, including markers of general health, mental health and also aspects of social contact; • In rural areas, individuals who know few of their neighbours, or who rarely see friends/family/neighbours, are at increased risk of CWP.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology of regional and widespread musculoskeletal pain in rural versus urban settings in those ≥55 years

Docking

Beasley

Steiner

et al. 2014

British Journal of Pain

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…22 Shoulder dysfunction can result in substantial disabilities affecting a person's activities of daily living (eg, bathing, dressing, and toileting) and the ability to function independently (eg, ability to board public transportation). [2][3][4]22 Though there are no published studies that directly estimate the yearly financial expenditures for shoulder-related dysfunction, the cost information that exists, coupled with prevalence data, suggests that the amount is quite large. For example, the costs associated with rotator cuff injury averaged more than $50,000 per person in 1 study of persons who sustained shoulder injuries at work.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reliability by Surgical Status of Self-Reported Outcomes in Patients Who Have Shoulder Pathologies

Cook¹,

Roddey²,

Olson³

et al. 2002

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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Study Design: A test-retest design was used to evaluate the reliability of the self-report sections of 4 shoulder pain and disability scales. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare interitem consistency and test-retest reliability by surgical status (postoperative versus nonoperative) and to evaluate the effect of surgical status in the prediction of retest scores. Background: Patients and healthcare providers evaluate shoulder status based on self-evaluations of pain and disability. Shoulder outcome measures have been developed that include self-reports, but the properties of these measures have not been assessed by surgical status. Methods and Measures: A questionnaire containing self-report sections of 4 shoulder scales was administered to study participants twice with 1 week between administrations. The outcome measures examined were the: (1) University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Shoulder Score; (2) Constant-Murley Scale (CMS); (3) American Shoulder and Elbow Society (ASES) Shoulder Index; and (4) Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI).Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to estimate the test-retest reliability of each of the scales and subscales. The interitem consistencies of the multi-item subscales were assessed using Cronbach's alpha. The effect of surgical status on shoulder outcome scale reliability was evaluated using a general linear models approach. Results: The interitem consistency estimates for the multi-item scales were high with both operative and nonoperative participants (0.88 to 0.96). With the exception of the satisfaction subscale of the UCLA Shoulder Score for the nonsurgical group, the estimated intraclass coefficients ranged from 0.51 to 0.91. The prediction of UCLA-satisfaction and ASES-disability, pain, and total retest scores was improved with the addition of surgical status into a regression model. Conclusions:The examined scales exhibited good internal consistency across surgical status. The postsurgical sample's reproducibility estimates tended to be higher than those of the nonsurgical sample. Reliability of shoulder outcome scales can be affected by patient surgical status.

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“…In the gate control theory, stimulation of mechanoreceptors within the joint capsule and surrounding tissues causes an inhibition of pain at the spinal cord. 13,14 A study done by Andrea Moulson and Tim Watson (2006) reported that joint mobilization has an effect on sympathetic nervous system that it induces a sympathoexcitatory response because of stimulation of dorsal periaqueductal matter of midbrain and produces endogenous analgesia and motor facilitation. 15 Post 4 th weeks of intervention, treatment effect difference when calculated, it revealed that Gong's mobilization was …”

Section: Pain Reliefmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Gong's mobilization in cervical spondylosis: a prospective comparative study

Harsulkar

Khatri

Rao

et al. 2015

Int J Community Med Public Health

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INTRODUCTIONCervical Spondylosis (CS) is a common term that denotes degenerative changes that develop with aging, or secondarily as a result of trauma or other pathological condition.1 These degenerative changes in cervical spine may remain asymptomatic or can present as pure axial neck pain, cervical radiculopathy, cervical myelopathy, or cervical myeloradiculopathy.Radiological evidence of asymptomatic CS is seen frequently, with an incidence of 50% over the age of 40 and 85% over the age of 60, neck pain and radiculopathy are relatively common, with about two thirds of the UK population having neck pain at some point in their lives. 2A study done on Indian population reported 78% of radiological changes of CS at C5-C6 and C6-C7 levels in asymptomatic individuals. 3The earliest event is probably a biochemical change in the substance of the disc, resulting in decreased water content. This causes an alteration in the biomechanics of the spine due to loss of the shock absorber-like action of the discs. As a result, secondary changes occur in the other component tissues (facet joints and ligaments) comprising the other elements of articulation between the ABSTRACT Background: Cervical spondylosis is a general term that refers to the degenerative changes that develop either spontaneously with age, or secondarily as the result of trauma or other pathological condition. The symptoms of cervical spondylosis include pain which might be radiating or localized in the neck, limitation of neck movements, postural abnormalities. The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate effectiveness of Gong's Mobilization in the relief of pain, improvement in range of motion and functions in individuals with cervical spondylosis. Methods: Thirty subjects (19 male and 11 female) randomly allocated in two groups (Group A and B) using the coin method. Group A received Gong's mobilization along with hydro collator packs and isometric exercises, group B received Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glides (SNAGs) along with hydro collator packs and isometric exercises. The treatment period lasted 4 weeks in total. Pain on visual analogue scale, Range Of Motion (ROM) by universal goniometer and functional disability on neck disability index was assessed on day one pre and post intervention at the end of two weeks and end of 4 th week. Results: The findings of this study suggest that both the interventions are effective in reducing pain, improving ROM and decreasing the level of disability but particularly the Gong's mobilization is more effective (P <0.01) in correcting posture, reducing pain, improving ROM and decreasing the level of disability. Conclusions: Gong's mobilization can be utilized in the treatment of cervical spondylosis.

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The epidemiology of chronic pain in a Swedish rural area

Cited by 86 publications

References 8 publications

The epidemiology of regional and widespread musculoskeletal pain in rural versus urban settings in those ≥55 years

The epidemiology of regional and widespread musculoskeletal pain in rural versus urban settings in those ≥55 years

Reliability by Surgical Status of Self-Reported Outcomes in Patients Who Have Shoulder Pathologies

Effectiveness of Gong's mobilization in cervical spondylosis: a prospective comparative study

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