The environmental significance of surface films: Part 1—octanol-water partition coefficients for DDT and hexachlorobenzene

Platford, R. F.; Carey, John H.; Hale, Elizabeth J.

doi:10.1016/0143-148x(82)90046-5

Cited by 21 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Thicker films have been measured by means of imaging of ambient films on glass, using atomic force microscopy (Bahavar, unpublished data). The thicknesses are consistent with the range of 2.5 nm to 1 μm reported in the literature for organic films on fog or other air−water interfaces ( , ). The greater film thickness at urban locations is consistent with our hypothesis that films are formed by the deposition and condensation of gas- and particle-phase compounds emitted to air, the concentrations of which are greater at urban than rural locations ().…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

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Atmospherically Derived Organic Surface Films along an Urban-Rural Gradient

Gingrich

Diamond

Stern

et al. 2001

Environ. Sci. Technol.

135

143

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Atmospherically derived organic films have been found on an impervious surface along an urban-rural gradient in the Toronto, Ontario, Canada area. Film thickness and concentrations, expressed on an aerial basis, of sigman-alkanes, sigmaPCB, sigmaPAH, and sigmaOC (organochlorine) pesticides decrease along this gradient, coincident with lower atmospheric emissions (PCB and PAH) and less accumulation in thinner rural films (OC pesticides). For PCBs and some OC pesticides, patterns of chemical abundance also shift, indicating a "fresh" pattern near emission sources (downtown) versus aged patterns at rural locations that are indicative of atmospheric transport. Plant-derived n-alkane concentrations were greater at urban than rural sites, and we hypothesize greater urban plant wax production and erosion due to air pollution. As expected, along the urban-rural gradient the concentration of particle-phase PAH decreased more rapidly than that of gas-phase compounds, but unexpectedly the contribution of alkylated PAH increased from urban to rural locations. Distances over which concentrations decline by 63% vary from 50 km for persistent gas-phase compounds (e.g., P1,2CB) to 10-20 km for reactive gas-phase compounds (e.g., naphthalene, fluoranthene) to <5-10 km for particle-phase compounds (e.g., P6-10CB, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[e]pyrene).

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Organic films occur commonly in the environment (1), developing at the air-water interface (2), on air particles and fog droplets (3), and on solid surfaces. Diamond et al (4) have found that atmospherically derived organic films accumulate on urban impervious surfaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospherically Derived Organic Surface Films along an Urban-Rural Gradient

Gingrich

Diamond

Stern

et al. 2001

Environ. Sci. Technol.

135

143

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“…"Bulk film" thicknesses, including the organic and particulate phases, were calculated using an aerosol density of 1.7 g/cm 3 (32) and ranged from 29 to 250 nm. These estimates fall within the range of 2.5 nm to 1 µm reported in the literature for films consisting of monolayer or multilayer films that develop on fog droplets and air-water interfaces (33)(34)(35)(36).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Evidence for Organic Film on an Impervious Urban Surface: Characterization and Potential Teratogenic Effects

Diamond¹,

Gingrich²,

Fertuck³

et al. 2000

Environ. Sci. Technol.

152

176

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Chemical constituents of an organic film collected from an impervious urban surface, namely the exterior surface of windows, have been characterized. The organic portion of this film, that ranged in thickness from 11 to 100 nm, constitutes a previously unrecognized site for exchange of semivolatile organic contaminants in urban environments. The concentrations of total n-alkanes, total polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAH), and total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) ranged from 1010 to 22 500, 900 to 62 100, and 8 to 5820 ng/m2 of window surface, respectively. Whereas concentrations varied, the patterns of chemical and congener abundance were similar among samples. Alkanes were derived from mainly biogenic sources, while the PAH showed a weathered pattern and PCB congener patterns generally indicated an enrichment in higher chlorinated congeners. Film-to-air partition ratios, K FA, were calculated for selected PAH and PCB congeners and were comparable to reported values of octanol−air partition coefficients, K OA, suggesting that gas-phase compounds partition into this organic film. Potential biological effects of an organic film extract were evaluated using zebrafish embryo assays. Incubation at a concentration of 270 ppb ΣPAH plus 420 ppb ΣPCB showed 100% lethality, while concentrations 3−10 times lower produced a dose-dependent syndrome of abnormalities including cardiovascular, hematopoietic, neural crest-related, and behavioral defects.

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“…Each phase was analyzed for Bu3Sn+ as indicated in the solubility determination above. Centrifugation was done to avoid the formation of an emulsion that might have been sampled as part of the water layer; Platford et al (1982) have shown that centrifugation can make a difference of a factor of 30 in the value of some 1-octanol-water partition coefficients.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%